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Paper 1 - Psychology > The multi-store model of memory (MSM) > Flashcards

The multi-store model of memory (MSM) Flashcards

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1
Q

Proposal and when?

A
  • Atkinson and Shiffrin

- 1968

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2
Q

Coding (encoding)

A

Form in which information is stored

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3
Q

Capacity

A

How much information can be stored

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4
Q

Duration

A

How long information can be stored for

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5
Q

What does the model consist of?

A
  • Sensory register
  • Short term memory
  • Long term memory
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6
Q

Sensory registers

A
  • Store of sensory information that lasts no more than a few seconds
  • Automatic response
  • Information by sense organs
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7
Q

Coding in the SR - Research

A

Crowder - 1993

  • Information retained in iconic store for ms
  • Information retained in echoic - 2/3 seconds

SUPPORT - code info in different stores + durations

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8
Q

Sperling’s experiments into iconic memory - capacity

A

Sperling - 1960
TACHISTOSCOPE
- Flashed 3 x 4 array of letters onto screen
- 1/20th second

  • Different tones - High/top, medium/middle and low/bottom
    = Indicate recall of row

SUPPORT - high recall - capacity is large
- Large capacity, info decays and is lost rapidly

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9
Q

Evaluation - SR

A
  • Lacking in mundane realism - experiments = estimates
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10
Q

Duration of SR

A
  • Limited
  • Stores decay at diff rates
  • Evidence = duration decreases with age
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11
Q

Duration of SR - Research (2)

A
  1. Walsh and Thompson - 1978
    - Iconic - 500 ms
    - Decreases w/ age
  2. Treisman - 1964
    - Echoic - 2 secs
    - Identical auditory info - slight delay
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12
Q

Evaluation - Duration of SR

A

Brief duration - engrams fading quickly
= Biological basis

Evolutionary - focus on info w/ survival values

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13
Q

Short term memory

A
  • Temporary memory store that holds limited amount of information for a short period of time
  • Receive info from SR - attention
  • Active - conscious
  • Contains info currently being formed
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14
Q

Characteristics of STM

A
  • Limited capacity
  • Short duration
  • Acoustic encoding
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15
Q

Coding in STM

A
  • Encoded by STM in a form - dealt with easier
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16
Q

Coding in STM - Classic research

A
  • Baddeley - 1966
  • Aim - coding in STM/LTM is mainly acoustic or semantic
  • 75 ppts w/ 1/4 word list repeated 4 times

List A - sound the same
List B - sound different
List C - mean the same
List D - Different meaning

STM - List of original words in wrong order + asked to rearrange in correct order

LTM - List of original words in wrong order + asked to rearrange in correct order - 20 min interval before recall so performed another task

= STM - acoustic
= LTM - semantic

  • Lab study, can be replicated - may lack ecological validity
17
Q

Capacity of STM

A
  • Limited
  • 5-9 items
  • Chunking = increase capacity
18
Q

Capacity of STM - Research (2)

A

Jacobs - 1887

  • Digit span test - support 5-9
  • Increasingly long list of letters or numbers
  • Lacks mundane realism

Miller - 1956

  • Capacity - 5-9
  • Chunking increases capacity - varies Simon (1974)
19
Q

Influence of STM capacity

A
  • Age

- Practice

20
Q

Duration of STM

A
  • 18-30 seconds

- Extended - Rehearsel = LTM

21
Q

Duration of STM - Research

A
  • Peterson and Peterson (1959)
  • Nonsense trigrams - diff each trial - easier to remember?
  • Counted backward in 3 = no rehearsel
90% = 3 secs
5% = 18 secs
  • Supports STM limited capacity
  • Lacks mundane realism
  • Not a lot of research
22
Q

Long term memory

A
  • Permanent store where limitless amounts of info can be stored for long periods of time
  • May change over time - long stored info may be lost
    Tulving - 3 types;
    1. Episodic
    2. Semantic
    3. Procedural
23
Q

Coding in LTM

A
  • Deeper processing = better recall

- Mainly semantic (Baddley)

24
Q

Coding in LTM - Research

A
  • Frost (1972)
  • 16 drawings in 4 categories
  • Order of recall = ppts used visual + semantic

Nelson and Rothbart (1972)
= Acoustic coding also in LTM - ppts recall errods in homophones - night and knight
- Coding - several varities

25
Q

Capacity of LTM

A
  • Unlimited

- Info lost by decay or interference

26
Q

Capacity of LTM - Research

A
  • Wagenaar - 1986
  • Diary of 2400 events over 6 years - self test on events
  • Excellent recall - case study + not representative of pop
  • Bias + subjective
27
Q

Capacity of LTM - evaluation

A
  • Assumed limitless - no research determining this - depends on life span
  • Evolutionary basis = survival
  • Longer duration = well coded
  • Tulving = better on skills than facts
28
Q

Duration of LTM - Research

A

Bahrick - 1975
- 400 ppts between 17 and 74 - showed photos and names = some old school friends

Last 15 years = 90%
Left 48 years = 70%
Memory for faces = long lasting

29
Q

Duration of LTM - Evaluation

A
  • Might have issues accessing memories

- Ppts better at recognising stimuli than recall

30
Q

SR summary

A

Coding

  • Separate memory stores for diff sensory inputs
  • Crowder

Capacity

  • Large
  • Sperling

Duration

  • Brief
  • Varies between diff stores
  • Walsh and Thompson
31
Q

STM summary

A

Coding

  • Mainly acoustic
  • Baddeley - immediate recall study

Capacity

  • Limited
  • 5-9 items

Duration

  • Short - 18-30 seconds
  • Peterson and Peterson
32
Q

LTM summary

A

Coding

  • Mainly semantic
  • Baddeley

Capacity

  • Large
  • Wagenaar

Duration

  • Potential lifetime
  • Bahrick
33
Q

Evaluation of MSM

A
  • 1st explanation = influential
  • Supported by HM
  • Separate memory stores

Criticism

  • Oversimplified
  • WMM = STM x3 components
34
Q

Evaluation

A
  • Cohen - 1990
  • memory capacity can’t be measured by amount of info
    BUT - nature of info
  • Some things are easier to recall

Paper 1 - Psychology (4 decks)

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