the multi store model of memory, cognitive interview, forgetting

Question 1

AO1:

Answer 1

• sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM)
• Both STM and LTM are unitary stores.

Question 1

AO1:

Answer 1

Atkinson and Shiffrin, and is a structural model.
Memory consisted of three stores: the sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Information passes from store to store in a linear way.
- Both STM and LTM are unitary stores.

Question 2

sensory memory:

Answer 2

The information you get from your senses, your eyes, and your ears.

Question 3

maintenence rehearsal:

Answer 3

repetition that keeps information in STM, but eventually, such repetition will create an LTM.

Question 4

encoding, capacity, duration:

Answer 4

Encoding is the way information is changed so that it can be stored in memory. visual, acoustic, and semantic.
Capacity concerns how much information can be stored.
Duration refers to the period of time information can last in-memory stores.

Question 5

sensory register:

Answer 5

• Duration: ¼ to ½ second
• Capacity: all sensory experience
• Encoding: sense specific

Question 6

short term memory:

Answer 6

-Duration: 0-18 seconds
-Capacity: 7 +/- 2 items
-Encoding: mainly acoustic

Question 7

long term memory:

Answer 7

-Duration: Unlimited
-Capacity: Unlimited
-Encoding: Mainly semantic

Question 8

Explain why this can be used as a criticism of the multi-store model of memory.

(4 marks)

Answer 8

-The MSM states that depth of memory trace in LTM is simply a result of the amount of rehearsal that takes place.
-The MSM fails to account for how different types of material can result in different depth memory traces even though they’ve both been rehearsed for a similar amount of time. For example, people may recall information they are interested in more than the material they are not interested in, despite the fact that they have both been rehearsed for a similar amount of time.

Question 9

AO3: msm

Answer 9

-one strength of the multistore model is that it gives us a good understanding of the structure and process of the STM. This is good because this allows researchers to expand on this model. This means researchers can do experiments to improve on this model and make it more valid, and they can prove what the stores actually do.

Question 10

AO3:msm

Answer 10

-The model suggests rehearsal helps to transfer information into LTM, but this is not essential. Why are we able to recall information which we did not rehearse (e.g., swimming) yet unable to recall information which we have rehearsed (e.g., reading your notes while revising)?

Question 11

types of long term memory: procedural memory

Answer 11

a part of the implicit long-term memory responsible for knowing how to do things, i.e., a memory of motor skills.

Question 12

semantic memory:

Answer 12

a part of the long-term memory responsible for storing information about the world. This includes knowledge about the meaning of words, as well as general knowledge.

Question 13

episodic memory:

Answer 13

a part of the long-term memory responsible for storing information about events (i.e., episodes) that we have experienced in our lives.

Question 14

AO3: msm

Answer 14

-Evidence for the distinction between declarative and procedural memory has come from research on patients with amnesia. Their memory for events and knowledge acquired before the onset of the condition tends to remain intact, but they can’t store new episodic or semantic memories. However, their procedural memory appears to be largely unaffected. They can recall skills they have already learnt and acquire new skills.

Question 15

explanations for forgetting: AO1

Answer 15

Interference is an explanation for forgetting from long-term memory – two sets of information become confused.

Proactive interference (pro=forward) is where old learning prevents the recall of more recent information.

Retroactive interference (retro=backward) is where new learning prevents the recall of previously learned information.

Question 16

AO3: explanations for forgetting

Answer 16

Real-world application: We can predict that stressful incidents will lead to witnesses having relatively inaccurate memories as their anxiety levels would be above the optimum – We can avoid an over-reliance on eyewitness testimony that may have been impacted by anxiety.

Question 17

the cognitive interveiw:

Answer 17

The cognitive interview is a police technique for interviewing witnesses to a crime which encourages them to recreate the original context in order to increase the accessibility of stored information.

Question 18

AO1:

Answer 18

-Context Reinstatement
-Recall from a Changed Perspective
- Recall in Reverse Order
- Report Everything

Question 19

AO3: ci

Answer 19

-One limitation is the cognitive interview is that it’s time-consuming to conduct and takes much longer than a standard police interview. It is also time-consuming to train police officers to use this method.

-Another limitation is that some elements of the cognitive interview may be more valuable than others.