The Multi-store Model Of Memory

Question 1

Who created the multi-store model of memory [ MSM]

Answer 1

Atkinson and shiffrin [1968]

Question 2

How do we process the information with the model of memory?

Answer 2

Linear model: info flows through the system in one direction
Passive stores: the store hold on to info before being passed on or lost

Question 3

Name the 3 stores of the MSM

Answer 3

Sensory register
Short term memory
Long term memory

Question 4

What is coding?

Answer 4

The different info types the brain uses to store memory

Question 5

What is capacity?

Answer 5

How much into can bo hold by a store

Question 6

What is duration?

Answer 6

How long into can no held in that store for before loss

Question 7

What is sensory register?

Answer 7

• Sensory into coming from one senses is detected automatically.
• all the into found In the STM and LTM was first gathered by the sensory register
• into is then passed on by paying attention

Question 8

What is the coding for sr?

Answer 8

• Store depends on the sense organ that the into come from
  Iconic = vision
  Echoic = sound
  Haptic=touch
  Gustatory = taste
  Olfactory = smell
  Modality specific [ for the entire senses]

Question 9

What is the capacity of the sr?

Answer 9

• Very large
  has to contain an the sense impressions for all the senses in the moment however only what is paid attention to is passed to STM

Question 10

What is duration of sr?

Answer 10

• Very short duration
  [ because not of into is held it can’t be retained for very long]

Question 11

What is short term memory?

Answer 11

Receives into from the sensory register by paying attention

Question 12

What is the coding for short term memory?

Answer 12

Info in STM is stored acoustically (in the form of sound/spoken words)

Question 13

What is the capacity of STM?

Answer 13

Miller suggested this is small approximately 7 items plus or minus 2 items [ 5-9 ] and can be improved by chunking [making small groups of items ] this reduces the number of items overall

Question 14

what is the duration of STM?

Answer 14

Short, 18 - 30 seconds however duration of into can be extended by verbal rehearsal (rehearsal loop)

Question 15

How does STM pass info to LTM?

Answer 15

STM passes into to LTM through rehearsal this is either maintenance rehearsal [repeating the info ] on elaborate rehearsal [linking to info already in LTM]
- in to is passed back from long-term memory with retrieval and information can be lost to be displacement (new information) or decay (lost overtime)

Question 16

What is long-term memory?

Answer 16

Info stored may last permanently and LTM may be unlimited in the amount of information it can contain
-info comes into LTM from STM via rehearsal and in order to use info in LTM it needs to be passed back to short term memory via retrieval

Rehearsal = Save info to LTM.
Retrieval = Bring info back to STM to use it.

Question 17

What is coding of long-term memory?

Answer 17

-info in long-term memory is stored semantically [ form of meaning ]

Question 18

What is the capacity of long-term memory?

Answer 18

-Unlimited
however, can be lost, but the information may still be in long-term but not assessable

Question 19

What is the duration of long-term memory?

Answer 19

-Unlimited [because recall of childhood event is normal event for the oldest people]

Question 20

Evidence that the short term memory and long-term memory stores are separate process by Glanzer and Cunitz(1966)

Answer 20

Participants recalled words better at the start (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list. This suggests separate memory stores: early words go to long-term memory (as they had more time to rehearse it), while recent words stay in short-term memory. Middle words were displaced from short-term memory by later ones.

Question 21

Sensory register-AO3 the capacity [ spelling 1960]

Answer 21

A study presented participants with a 3x4 grid of letters (12 in total) for 1/20th of a second. When asked to recall one row, recall was over 75%, suggesting the iconic (sensory) memory store has a large capacity.

However, when recalling the entire grid, participants could only remember 4–5 letters. This indicates that sensory memory fades quickly(duration of less than one second) (within less than a second) before all letters can be transferred to short-term memory.

Question 22

Research demonstrating STM [baddeley 1966] AO3

Answer 22

He gave four 10 words list to 4 participants groups
A-acoustically similar -words sound the same
B-acoustically dissimilar-words sound different
C-semantically similar-have related meanings
D-semantically dissimilar-words are unrelated
It was found that immediate recalls worse for list A and recall after 20 minutes was worse with List D this suggest that the coding in STM is acoustic as recording list A was most difficult as the recalling similar sounds cause confusion in recall.

Question 23

Research demonstrating the capacity of short-term memory by Jacobs (1887) AO3

Answer 23

Participants were shown lists of letters or numbers and asked to recall them. The average capacity was about seven items for letters and nine for numbers (7+/-2), indicating STM has a limited capacity. Miller suggested that chunking can improve this capacity by grouping items into larger, meaningful units.

Question 24

Research demonstrating the duration of short-term memory by Peterson and Peterson (1959) -AO3

Answer 24

Participants were shown three-letter trigrams (e.g., HDF) and then asked to count backwards to prevent rehearsal. After 18 seconds, recall dropped to below 10%. This suggests that without maintenance, information stays in short-term memory for only a few seconds before fading.

Question 25

Research demonstrating the coding of long-term memory by Baddeley (1966) -AP3

Answer 25

He gave four 10 words list to 4 participants groups
A-acoustically similar -words sound the same
B-acoustically dissimilar-words sound different
C-semantically similar-have related meanings
D-semantically dissimilar-words are unrelated
It was found that immediate recalls worse for list A and recall after 20 minutes was worse with List D this suggest that the coding in LTM is semantic as recorded list C was most difficult as the recalling similar meanings cause confusion in recall

Question 26

Capacity: wagendaar [ 1986] AO3

Answer 26

Created a diary of over 2400 events during the course of six years including recording who when what and where? It was fun when tested using these cues he had 75% recall of one particular critical data after one year 45% after five years in this sense of remembering that the event was high 80% after five years this suggest the capacity of LTM is very large

Question 27

Duration: bahrick (1975) AO3

Answer 27

-392 participants age 17 to 74 were tested for memory of old photographs and names of their school friends It was found recall in matching names to face was 90% after 15 years , and still 80% for names after 48 years this suggest the duration of LTM is very large

Question 28

MSM evaluation [ strengths]

Answer 28

-The artificial design of experimental studies is often necessary to clearly measure and test memory, helping to uncover the underlying structure of memory.
-The limited capacity and short duration of the sensory register align with evolutionary theory, where the brain gathers as much information as possible from the environment but only processes and retains the most important information

Question 29

MSM evaluation [ limitations]

Answer 29

• Artificial Nature of Experiments: Memory studies often lack ecological validity, meaning results from lab settings may not apply to real-life situations like school or work (lacks mundane realism)
• Limitations of the MSM: Research shows STM and LTMare not unitary; there are multiple types of LTM, and STMis better explained by the Working Memory Model (WMM)**.
• Real-World Memory: The MSM does not account for all memory types (e.g., taste and smell). The capacity of STM is not fixed and can change over time.