The more emphasized terms - Reversed Cards edition Flashcards
Brass instruments of moderately low range, whose tube is an elongated loop with a movable slide, commonly used in symphony orchestras, bands, and jazz ensembles.
Trombone
Soprano
Female voice of high range.
Brass instrument
Instrument, made of brass or silver, whose sound is produced by the vibrations of the player’s lips as he or she blows into a cup- or funnel-shaped mouthpiece. The vibrations are amplified and colored in a tube that is flared at the end.
Degree of loudness or softness in music.
Dynamics
Moderately slow, a walking pace.
Andante
Central tone of a melody or larger piece of music. When a piece is in the key of C major, for example, C is the keynote.
Keynote; tonic
Cadence
(1) Resting place at the end of a phrase in a melody. (2) Progression giving a sense of conclusion, often from the dominant chord to the tonic chord.
Regular, recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal units of time.
Beat
Presentation of a melodic idea by one voice or instrument that is immediately followed by its restatement by another voice or instrument, as in a round.
Imitation
Pitch
Relative highness or lowness of a sound.
Moderately fast.
Allegretto
Fast.
Allegro
English horn
Double-reed woodwind instrument, slightly larger than the oboe and with a lower range, straight in shape with an egg-shaped bell.
Soft.
Piano; p
Family of single-reed woodwind instruments.
Saxophone
Minor scale
Series of seven tones within an octave, with an eighth repeating the first tone and octave higher, composed of a specific pattern of whole and half steps; the half step between the second and third tones is characteristic.
Homophonic texture
Term describing music in which one main melody is accompanied by chords.
Symbol which notates a pitch one half step higher than the pitch that would otherwise be indicated – for example, the next higher black key on the piano.
Sharp sign (symbol is ♯)
Widely used keyboard instrument of great range and versatility, whose sound is produced by felt-covered hammers striking against steel strings.
Piano
Register
Part of the total range of an instrument or voice. The tone color of the instrument or voice may vary with the register, high, low, or middle, in which it is played or sung.
Produces a tone.
Definite pitch percussion instrument
Central note, scale, and chord within a piece, in relationship to which all other tones in the composition are heard.
Key; tonality
Moderately loud.
Mezzo forte; mf
Crescendo (symbol is < )
Gradually louder.
Instrument of definite or indefinite pitch whose sound is produced by striking by hand, or with a stick or hammer, or by shaking or rubbing.
Percussion instrument
Definite resting place, giving a sense of finality, at the end of a phrase in a melody.
Complete cadence
Single melodic line without accompaniment.
Monophonic texture
Percussion instrument of indefinite pitch, the largest of the orchestral drums.
Bass drum
Moderately soft.
Mezzo piano; mp
Key signature
Sharp or flat signs immediately following the clef sign at the beginning of a piece of music, indicating the key in which the music is to be played.
Forte; f
Loud.
Tuba
Largest brass instrument, with the lowest range, commonly used in symphony orchestras and bands.
Part of the total range of an instrument or voice. The tone color of the instrument or voice may vary with the register, high, low, or middle, in which it is played or sung.
Register
Moderate.
Moderato
Bassoon
Double-reed woodwind instrument, made of wood, having a low range.
Distance between the highest and lowest tones that a given voice or instrument can produce.
Pitch range
Very soft.
Pianissimo; pp
Notation on a staff to indicate relatively high pitch ranges, such as those played by a pianist’s right hand.
Treble clef
Piano
Widely used keyboard instrument of great range and versatility, whose sound is produced by felt-covered hammers striking against steel strings.
Unison
Performance of a single melodic line by more than one instrument or voice at the same pitch or in different octaves.
Keyboard instrument, widely used from about 1500 to 1775, whose sound is produced by plectra that pluck its wire strings. The harpsichord was revived during the 20th century.
Harpsichord
Unaccented pulse preceding the downbeat.
Upbeat
Tonic chord
Triad built on the first, or tonic, note of the scale, serving as the main chord of a piece and usually beginning and ending it.
Largest brass instrument, with the lowest range, commonly used in symphony orchestras and bands.
Tuba
Percussion instruments of definite pitch, shaped like large kettles with calfskin or plastic stretched across the tops, played with soft padded mallets.
Timpani; Kettledrums
Pattern of 3 beats to the measure.
Triple meter
Performance of a single melodic line by more than one instrument or voice at the same pitch or in different octaves.
Unison
Vibrato
Small fluctuations of pitch that make the tone warmer, produced in string instruments by rocking the left hand while it presses the string down.
Bass
Male voice of low range.
Duple meter
Pattern of 2 beats to the measure.
Cello; Violoncello
String instrument with a range lower than that of the viola and higher than that of the double bass.
Plucked string instrument, consisting of strings stretched within a triangular frame.
Harp
Form
Organization of musical ideas in time.
Two numbers, one above the other, appearing at the beginning of a staff or the start of a piece, indicating the meter of the piece.
Time signature; meter signature
Organization of beats into regular groups.
Meter
Alto; Contralto
Female voice of low range.
Rapid repetition of a tone, produced in string instruments by quick up-and-down strokes of the bow.
Tremolo
Imitation
Presentation of a melodic idea by one voice or instrument that is immediately followed by its restatement by another voice or instrument, as in a round.
Harp
Plucked string instrument, consisting of strings stretched within a triangular frame.
Prestissimo
As fast as possible.
Guitar
Plucked string instrument with six strings stretched along a fretted fingerboard.
Symbol placed at the beginning of the staff to show the exact pitch of notes placed on each line and space.
Clef
Double-reed woodwind instrument with a register one octave lower than that of the bassoon.
Contrabassoon
Words, usually at the beginning of a piece of music and often in Italian, which specify the pace at which the music should be played.
Tempo indication
Smallest interval traditionally used in western music; for example, the interval between ti and do.
Half step
Complete cadence
Definite resting place, giving a sense of finality, at the end of a phrase in a melody.
String instrument with a lower range than the violin and a higher range than the cello.
Viola
In notation of rhythm, a symbol to indicate the duration of silence in the music.
Rest
Rhythmic groups set off by bar lines, containing a fixed number of beats.
Measure
Tambourine
Percussion instrument of indefinite pitch, consisting of a skin stretched across a shallow cylinder, with small circular plates set into the cylinder which jingle when the skin is struck or the cylinder is shaken.
Double-reed woodwind instrument with a relatively high range, conical in shape with a small flared bell.
Oboe
Percussion instrument of indefinite pitch, consisting of a pair of metal plates, played by striking the plates against each other.
Cymbals
Lively.
Vivace
Performance of two or more melodic lines of relatively equal interest at the same time.
Polyphonic texture
Snare drum; Side drum
Percussion instrument of indefinite pitch, in the shape of a cylinder with a stretched skin at either end. A “snare” of gut or metal is stretched below the lower skin and produces a rattling sound when the drum is stuck.
Music based on a major scale.
Major key
Flute
Woodwind instrument, usually made of metal, with a high range, whose tone is produced by blowing across the edge of a mouth hole.
Percussion instrument of indefinite pitch, consisting of a triangular length of metal suspended from a hook or cord, played by striking with a metal rod.
Triangle
Pitch range
Distance between the highest and lowest tones that a given voice or instrument can produce.
Andante
Moderately slow, a walking pace.
Quality of sound that distinguishes one instrument or voice from another.
Tone color; Timbre
Symbol used in notation of pitch to cancel a previous sharp or flat sign.
Natural sign (symbol is ♮)
Central key of a piece of music, usually both beginning and ending the piece, regardless of how many other keys are included.
Tonic key; Home key
Tempo indication
Words, usually at the beginning of a piece of music and often in Italian, which specify the pace at which the music should be played.
Tonic key; Home key
Central key of a piece of music, usually both beginning and ending the piece, regardless of how many other keys are included.
Pattern of 2 beats to the measure.
Duple meter
Symbol which notates a pitch on half step lower than the pitch that would otherwise be indicated – for example, the next lower key on the piano.
Flat sign (symbol is ♭)
Tone color; Timbre
Quality of sound that distinguishes one instrument or voice from another.
Flat sign (symbol is ♭)
Symbol which notates a pitch on half step lower than the pitch that would otherwise be indicated – for example, the next lower key on the piano.
Bass Clarinet
Member of the clarinet family, having a low range. Its shape is curved at the end before flaring into a bell.
“Distance” in pitch between any two tones.
Interval
Step
Interval between two adjacent tones in the scale.
Member of the clarinet family, having a low range. Its shape is curved at the end before flaring into a bell.
Bass Clarinet
Time signature; meter signature
Two numbers, one above the other, appearing at the beginning of a staff or the start of a piece, indicating the meter of the piece.
Instruments whose sound is produced by two narrow pieces of cane held between the player’s lips; these pieces vibrate when the player blows between them.
Double-reed woodwinds
Percussion instrument of indefinite pitch, consisting of a skin stretched across a shallow cylinder, with small circular plates set into the cylinder which jingle when the skin is struck or the cylinder is shaken.
Tambourine
Mezzo forte; mf
Moderately loud.
In notation, a black or white oval to which a stem or flags can be added.
Note
Pianissimo; pp
Very soft.
Definite pitch percussion instrument
Produces a tone.
Tone combination that is stable and restful.
Consonance
Sharp sign (symbol is ♯)
Symbol which notates a pitch one half step higher than the pitch that would otherwise be indicated – for example, the next higher black key on the piano.
Dotted note
Note with a dot to the right of it. This dot increases the note’s undotted duration by half.
Becoming slower.
Ritardando
Octave
Interval between two tones in which the higher tone has twice the frequency of the lower tone.
Percussion instrument of indefinite pitch, in the shape of a cylinder with a stretched skin at either end. A “snare” of gut or metal is stretched below the lower skin and produces a rattling sound when the drum is stuck.
Snare drum; Side drum
Keyboard instrument with many sets of pipes controlled from two or more keyboards including a pedal keyboard played by the organist’s feet. The keys control valves from which air is blown across or through openings in the pipes. (The electric organ is an electronic instrument that is sometimes designed to imitate the sound of a pipe organ.)
Organ; Pipe organ
Triangle
Percussion instrument of indefinite pitch, consisting of a triangular length of metal suspended from a hook or cord, played by striking with a metal rod.
Meter
Organization of beats into regular groups.
Double bass; Bass
Largest string instrument, having the lowest range of the string family.
As fast as possible.
Prestissimo
Long-short rhythmic pattern in which a dotted note is followed by a note that is much shorter.
Dotted rhythm
Slow.
Adagio
Style
Characteristic way of using melody, rhythm, tone, color, dynamics, harmony, texture, and form in music.
Two-part form; Binary form (A B)
Form that can be represented as a statement (A) and counterstatement (B).
Instrument whose sound is produced by vibrations of air in a tube; holes along the length of tube are opened and closed by the fingers, or by pads, to control the pitch.
Woodwind insturment
Part of a melody.
Phrase
Upbeat
Unaccented pulse preceding the downbeat.
Oboe
Double-reed woodwind instrument with a relatively high range, conical in shape with a small flared bell.
Adagio
Slow.
Cornet
Brass instrument similar in shape to the trumpet, with a mellower tone.
Harpsichord
Keyboard instrument, widely used from about 1500 to 1775, whose sound is produced by plectra that pluck its wire strings. The harpsichord was revived during the 20th century.
Moderato
Moderate.
Device used to veil or muffle the tone of an instrument. For string instruments, the mute is a clamp that fits onto the bridge; for brass instruments, it is a funnel-shaped piece of wood, metal, or plastic that fits into the bell.
Mute
Triple meter
Pattern of 3 beats to the measure.
Major key
Music based on a major scale.
Notation showing all the parts of a musical ensemble, with a separate staff for each part, and with simultaneously sounded notes aligned vertically; used by the conductor.
Score
Metronome
Apparatus that produces ticking sounds or flashes of light at any desired constant speed.
Small fluctuations of pitch that make the tone warmer, produced in string instruments by rocking the left hand while it presses the string down.
Vibrato
Sharp or flat signs immediately following the clef sign at the beginning of a piece of music, indicating the key in which the music is to be played.
Key signature
First, or stressed, beat of a measure.
Downbeat
Saxophone
Family of single-reed woodwind instruments.
(1) Resting place at the end of a phrase in a melody. (2) Progression giving a sense of conclusion, often from the dominant chord to the tonic chord.
Cadence
Euphonium
Brass instrument similar in shape to the tuba and the baritone horn, with a higher range than the tuba’s, commonly used in bands.
Male voice of high range.
Tenor
Timpani; Kettledrums
Percussion instruments of definite pitch, shaped like large kettles with calfskin or plastic stretched across the tops, played with soft padded mallets.
Triad
Most basic of chords, consisting of three alternate tones of the scale, such as do, mi sol.
Dominant chord
Triad built on the fifth note of the scale, which sets up tension that is resolved by the tonic chord.
Reed
Very thin piece of cane, used in woodwind instruments to produce sound as it is set into vibration by a stream of air.
Half step
Smallest interval traditionally used in western music; for example, the interval between ti and do.
Inconclusive resting point at the end of a phrase, which sets up expectations for the following phrase.
Incomplete cadence
Staff
In notation, a set of five horizontal lines between or on which notes are positioned.
French horn; Horn
Brass instrument of medium range, whose tube is coiled into a roughly circular shape and fitted with valves, commonly used in symphony orchestras and in bands.
Keynote; tonic
Central tone of a melody or larger piece of music. When a piece is in the key of C major, for example, C is the keynote.
Thin stick used by many conductors to beat time and indicate pulse and tempo.
Baton
Downbeat
First, or stressed, beat of a measure.
Keyboard instrument
Instrument – such as the piano, organ or harpsichord – played by pressing a series of keys with the fingers.
Vivace
Lively.
Tremolo
Rapid repetition of a tone, produced in string instruments by quick up-and-down strokes of the bow.
Produces a noiselike sound.
Indefinite pitch percussion instrument
Triad built on the first, or tonic, note of the scale, serving as the main chord of a piece and usually beginning and ending it.
Tonic chord
Characteristic way of using melody, rhythm, tone, color, dynamics, harmony, texture, and form in music.
Style
Musical texture
Number of layers of sound that are heard at once, what kinds of layers they are, and how they are related to each other.
Progression form a dissonance to a consonance.
Resolution
Allegretto
Moderately fast.
Triad built on the fifth note of the scale, which sets up tension that is resolved by the tonic chord.
Dominant chord
Broken chord; arpeggio
Sounding of the individual tones of a chord in sequence rather than simultaneously.
Electronic instrument
Instrument whose sound is produced, modified, or amplified by electronic means.
Treble clef
Notation on a staff to indicate relatively high pitch ranges, such as those played by a pianist’s right hand.
Modulation
Shift from one key to another within the same piece.
Baton
Thin stick used by many conductors to beat time and indicate pulse and tempo.
Range
Distance between the highest and lowest tones that a given voice or instrument can produce.
Chord
Combination of three or more tones sounded at once.
Technique of combining two or more melodic lines into a meaningful whole.
Counterpoint
Term describing music in which one main melody is accompanied by chords.
Homophonic texture
String instrument
Instrument whose sound is produced by the vibration of strings.
Music based on a minor scale.
Minor key
Scale including all twelve tones of the octave; each tone is a half step away from the next one.
Chromatic scale
Piano; p
Soft.
Double-reed woodwinds
Instruments whose sound is produced by two narrow pieces of cane held between the player’s lips; these pieces vibrate when the player blows between them.
Brass instrument of medium range, whose tube is coiled into a roughly circular shape and fitted with valves, commonly used in symphony orchestras and in bands.
French horn; Horn
Ordered flow of music through time; the pattern of durations of notes and silences in music.
Rhythm
Gradually louder.
Crescendo (symbol is < )
Viola
String instrument with a lower range than the violin and a higher range than the cello.
Organization of musical ideas in time.
Form
Striking differences of pitch, dynamics, rhythm, and tempo that provide variety and change of mood.
Contrast
Sounding of the individual tones of a chord in sequence rather than simultaneously.
Broken chord; arpeggio
String instrument with the highest range of the string family.
Violin
Beat
Regular, recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal units of time.
Decrescendo; Diminuendo (symbol is > )
Gradually softer.
Principal first violinist in a symphony orchestra.
Concertmaster
Clarinet
Single-reed woodwind instrument with a beak-shaped mouthpiece, cylindrical in shape with a slightly flared bell.
Presto
Very fast.
Key; tonality
Central note, scale, and chord within a piece, in relationship to which all other tones in the composition are heard.
Largest string instrument, having the lowest range of the string family.
Double bass; Bass
Rest
In notation of rhythm, a symbol to indicate the duration of silence in the music.
Chromatic scale
Scale including all twelve tones of the octave; each tone is a half step away from the next one.
Incomplete cadence
Inconclusive resting point at the end of a phrase, which sets up expectations for the following phrase.
Bow
Slightly curved stick strung tightly with horsehair, used to play string instruments.
Symbol on the staff indicating relatively low pitch ranges, such as those played by a pianist’s left hand.
Bass clef
Fortissimo; ff
Very loud.
Dotted rhythm
Long-short rhythmic pattern in which a dotted note is followed by a note that is much shorter.
Number of layers of sound that are heard at once, what kinds of layers they are, and how they are related to each other.
Musical texture
Double-reed woodwind instrument, slightly larger than the oboe and with a lower range, straight in shape with an egg-shaped bell.
English horn
Interval between two tones in which the higher tone has twice the frequency of the lower tone.
Octave
Interval
“Distance” in pitch between any two tones.
Most basic of chords, consisting of three alternate tones of the scale, such as do, mi sol.
Triad
Scale
Series of pitches arranged in order from low to high or high to low.
Instrument, made of brass or silver, whose sound is produced by the vibrations of the player’s lips as he or she blows into a cup- or funnel-shaped mouthpiece. The vibrations are amplified and colored in a tube that is flared at the end.
Brass instrument
Distance between the highest and lowest tones that a given voice or instrument can produce.
Range
Loud.
Forte; f
Brass instrument similar in shape to the tuba, with a higher range, commonly used in bands.
Baritone horn
Measure
Rhythmic groups set off by bar lines, containing a fixed number of beats.
Consonance
Tone combination that is stable and restful.
Bass drum
Percussion instrument of indefinite pitch, the largest of the orchestral drums.
Woodwind instrument, usually made of metal, with a high range, whose tone is produced by blowing across the edge of a mouth hole.
Flute
Baritone horn
Brass instrument similar in shape to the tuba, with a higher range, commonly used in bands.
Phrase
Part of a melody.
Largo
Very slow, broad.
Woodwind insturment
Instrument whose sound is produced by vibrations of air in a tube; holes along the length of tube are opened and closed by the fingers, or by pads, to control the pitch.
Cymbals
Percussion instrument of indefinite pitch, consisting of a pair of metal plates, played by striking the plates against each other.
Trombone
Brass instruments of moderately low range, whose tube is an elongated loop with a movable slide, commonly used in symphony orchestras, bands, and jazz ensembles.
Interval larger than that between two adjacent tones in the scale.
Leap
Very slow, solemn.
Grave
Concertmaster
Principal first violinist in a symphony orchestra.
Gradually softer.
Decrescendo; Diminuendo (symbol is > )
Repetition
Reiteration of a motive, phrase, or section, often used to create a sense of unity.
Form that can be represented as statement (A); contrast (B); return of statement (A).
Three-part form (A B A)
Tie
In notation of rhythm, an arc between two notes of the same pitch indicating that the second note should not be played but should be added to the duration of the first.
Instrument – such as the piano, organ or harpsichord – played by pressing a series of keys with the fingers.
Keyboard instrument
Allegro
Fast.
Dissonance
Tone combination that is unstable and tense.
Combination of three or more tones sounded at once.
Chord
Resolution
Progression form a dissonance to a consonance.
Mezzo piano; mp
Moderately soft.
Brass instrument similar in shape to the trumpet, with a mellower tone.
Cornet
Slightly curved stick strung tightly with horsehair, used to play string instruments.
Bow
Note
In notation, a black or white oval to which a stem or flags can be added.
In notation of rhythm, an arc between two notes of the same pitch indicating that the second note should not be played but should be added to the duration of the first.
Tie
Instrument whose sound is produced by the vibration of strings.
String instrument
Notation
System of writing down music so that specific pitches and rhythms can be communicated.
Very slow, broad.
Largo
Harmony
How chords are constructed and how they follow each other.
String instrument with a range lower than that of the viola and higher than that of the double bass.
Cello; Violoncello
Mute
Device used to veil or muffle the tone of an instrument. For string instruments, the mute is a clamp that fits onto the bridge; for brass instruments, it is a funnel-shaped piece of wood, metal, or plastic that fits into the bell.
Leap
Interval larger than that between two adjacent tones in the scale.
Organ; Pipe organ
Keyboard instrument with many sets of pipes controlled from two or more keyboards including a pedal keyboard played by the organist’s feet. The keys control valves from which air is blown across or through openings in the pipes. (The electric organ is an electronic instrument that is sometimes designed to imitate the sound of a pipe organ.)
Smallest woodwind instrument, having the highest range; a smaller version of the flute.
Piccolo
Plucked string instrument with six strings stretched along a fretted fingerboard.
Guitar
Single-reed woodwind instrument with a beak-shaped mouthpiece, cylindrical in shape with a slightly flared bell.
Clarinet
Indefinite pitch percussion instrument
Produces a noiselike sound.
Form that can be represented as a statement (A) and counterstatement (B).
Two-part form; Binary form (A B)
System of writing down music so that specific pitches and rhythms can be communicated.
Notation
Very fast.
Presto
Progression
Series of chords.
Male voice of low range.
Bass
Accelerando
Becoming faster.
Tenor
Male voice of high range.
Female voice of low range.
Alto; Contralto
Very thin piece of cane, used in woodwind instruments to produce sound as it is set into vibration by a stream of air.
Reed
Series of seven different tones within an octave, with an eighth tone repeating the first tone an octave higher, consisting of a specific pattern of whole and half steps; the whole step between the second and third tones is characteristic.
Major scale
Clef
Symbol placed at the beginning of the staff to show the exact pitch of notes placed on each line and space.
Bass clef
Symbol on the staff indicating relatively low pitch ranges, such as those played by a pianist’s left hand.
Three-part form (A B A)
Form that can be represented as statement (A); contrast (B); return of statement (A).
Series of seven tones within an octave, with an eighth repeating the first tone and octave higher, composed of a specific pattern of whole and half steps; the half step between the second and third tones is characteristic.
Minor scale
Interval between two adjacent tones in the scale.
Step
Pattern of 4 beats to the measure.
Quadruple meter
Natural sign (symbol is ♮)
Symbol used in notation of pitch to cancel a previous sharp or flat sign.
Quadruple meter
Pattern of 4 beats to the measure.
Brass instruments with the highest range, commonly used in symphony orchestras, bands, and jazz and rock groups.
Trumpet
Series of chords.
Progression
Female voice of high range.
Soprano
Whole step
Interval twice as large as the half step; for example, the interval between do and re.
Double-reed woodwind instrument, made of wood, having a low range.
Bassoon
Tone combination that is unstable and tense.
Dissonance
Tempo
Basic pace of the music.
Accent
Emphasis of a note, which may result from its being louder, longer, or higher in pitch than the notes near it.
Dynamics
Degree of loudness or softness in music.
Basic pace of the music.
Tempo
Major scale
Series of seven different tones within an octave, with an eighth tone repeating the first tone an octave higher, consisting of a specific pattern of whole and half steps; the whole step between the second and third tones is characteristic.
Contrast
Striking differences of pitch, dynamics, rhythm, and tempo that provide variety and change of mood.
Trumpet
Brass instruments with the highest range, commonly used in symphony orchestras, bands, and jazz and rock groups.
Contrabassoon
Double-reed woodwind instrument with a register one octave lower than that of the bassoon.
Series of pitches arranged in order from low to high or high to low.
Scale
Tone
Sound that has a definite pitch, or frequency.
In notation, a set of five horizontal lines between or on which notes are positioned.
Staff
Brass instrument similar in shape to the tuba and the baritone horn, with a higher range than the tuba’s, commonly used in bands.
Euphonium
Apparatus that produces ticking sounds or flashes of light at any desired constant speed.
Metronome
How chords are constructed and how they follow each other.
Harmony
Piccolo
Smallest woodwind instrument, having the highest range; a smaller version of the flute.
Becoming faster.
Accelerando
Rhythm
Ordered flow of music through time; the pattern of durations of notes and silences in music.
Ritardando
Becoming slower.
Relative highness or lowness of a sound.
Pitch
Sound that has a definite pitch, or frequency.
Tone
Violin
String instrument with the highest range of the string family.
Shift from one key to another within the same piece.
Modulation
Instruments whose sound is produced by a single piece of cane, or reed, fastened over a hole in the mouthpiece. The reed vibrates when the player blows into the mouthpiece.
Single-reed woodwinds
Percussion instrument
Instrument of definite or indefinite pitch whose sound is produced by striking by hand, or with a stick or hammer, or by shaking or rubbing.
Counterpoint
Technique of combining two or more melodic lines into a meaningful whole.
Monophonic texture
Single melodic line without accompaniment.
Interval twice as large as the half step; for example, the interval between do and re.
Whole step
Reiteration of a motive, phrase, or section, often used to create a sense of unity.
Repetition
Note with a dot to the right of it. This dot increases the note’s undotted duration by half.
Dotted note
Emphasis of a note, which may result from its being louder, longer, or higher in pitch than the notes near it.
Accent
Conductor
Leader of a performing group of musicians.
Polyphonic texture
Performance of two or more melodic lines of relatively equal interest at the same time.
Instrument whose sound is produced, modified, or amplified by electronic means.
Electronic instrument
Very loud.
Fortissimo; ff
Leader of a performing group of musicians.
Conductor
Minor key
Music based on a minor scale.
Single-reed woodwinds
Instruments whose sound is produced by a single piece of cane, or reed, fastened over a hole in the mouthpiece. The reed vibrates when the player blows into the mouthpiece.
Score
Notation showing all the parts of a musical ensemble, with a separate staff for each part, and with simultaneously sounded notes aligned vertically; used by the conductor.
Grave
Very slow, solemn.
