The Molecular Biology of the Gene

Question 1

What are the differences between RNA and DNA.

Answer 1

only RNA contains the base “Uracil”

only RNA contains the sugar “ribose”

DNA is double-stranded, but RNA is single-stranded

Question 2

What are steps in DNA replication?

Answer 2

Joining nucleotides to the growing DNA strand

Unwinding the DNA double helix

Complementary base pairing

Question 3

The synthesis of new DNA double helix molecules from a pre-existing parent molecule is called

Answer 3

DNA replication

Question 4

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Answer 4

Molecule that stores genetic material and consists of a double strand of nucleotides; DNA nucleotides contain the sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases, adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).

Question 5

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Answer 5

Molecule that consists of a strand of nucleotides and carries the genetic instructions of DNA to other parts of the cell for protein synthesis; RNA nucleotides contain the sugar ribose, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases, adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U).

Question 6

Nucleotide

Answer 6

Subunit of DNA and RNA that consists of a five-carbon sugar bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

Question 7

Deoxyribose

Answer 7

Five-carbon sugar found in the nucleotides of DNA; lacks an –OH group bonded to the 2’ carbon.

Question 8

Ribose

Answer 8

Five-carbon sugar found in the nucleotides of RNA

Question 9

Nitrogenous base

Answer 9

A nitrogen-containing organic molecule that forms part of a nucleotide; the nitrogenous bases adenine (A) and guanine (G) consist of two carbon-nitrogen rings, while the nitrogenous bases cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) consist of one carbon-nitrogen ring.

Question 10

Phosphate group

Answer 10

Functional group containing a phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms (PO4) that is a component of nucleotides.

Question 11

Double helix

Answer 11

Shape of a DNA molecule consisting of two strands twisted together, similar to a spiral staircase but with alternating major and minor grooves along the outside of the double helix.

Question 12

Replication fork

Answer 12

Site on a DNA molecule where the double helix separates and unwinds to begin DNA replication.

Question 13

Transcription

Answer 13

Process that produces RNA using DNA as a template

Question 14

RNA polymerase

Answer 14

Enzyme that uses a DNA template to synthesize a molecule of RNA during transcription.

Question 15

Template strand

Answer 15

The strand in a DNA molecule that is used to build a new DNA strand in DNA replication or an RNA strand in transcription.

Question 16

Coding strand

Answer 16

The strand in a DNA molecule that is not used as a template

Question 17

replication bubble

Answer 17

An opening in eukaryotic DNA, containing two forks at the site of replication.

Question 18

The flow of information according to the central dogma of molecular biology

Answer 18

DNA to RNA to protein

Question 19

fermentation

Answer 19

The production of energy in the absence of oxygen and the process that allows glycolysis to continue makin ATP even when oxygen is not present.

Question 20

Lactic Acid Fermentation Step 1

Answer 20

Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted to Lactic Acid