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HOSA (2023 - 2024) > The Mind > Flashcards

The Mind Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System

A
  • Type of the nervous system
  • Composed of the brain and spinal cord
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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • Category of the nervous system
  • Composed of sensory and motor neurons
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3
Q

Brain

A
  • Controls thoughts, memory, emotions, motor skills, and internal body processes
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4
Q

“Old Brain”

A
  • Located at the inner core of the brain-
  • Controls the basic functions of life
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5
Q

Brainstem

A
  • Part of the Old Brain
  • Controls automatic survival (i.e. breathing)
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6
Q

Medulla

A
  • Part of the Brainstem (bottom)
  • Controls vital body functions (i.e. breathing)
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7
Q

Pons

A
  • Part of the Brainstem (middle)
  • Controls automatic functions such as the management of sleep, arousal (wake), facial expressions
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8
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Part of the Brainstem (top)
  • Controls sensory reflexes, movement, pain
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9
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Part of the Old Brain
  • Controls sensation, memory, states of consciousness / sensory input of vision, hearing, touch, taste
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10
Q

Reticular Formation

A
  • Part of the Old Brain
  • Controls mood, arousal, sleep
  • Source of serotonin and norepinephrine
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11
Q

Cerebellum / “Little Brain”

A
  • Part of the Old Brain
  • Located behind the brainstem
  • Controls non-verbal learning and memory; perception of time; modulation of emotions
  • Controls balance and motor coordination
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12
Q

Which part of the brain has more neurons than the rest of the brain?

A

Cerebellum

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13
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Part of Limbic system
  • Located below the thalamus
  • Controls motivation, homeostasis, hunger, thirst, reward center using the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
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14
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • Part of the Limbic System
  • Controls learning and memory (i.e. formation, retrieval of long-term)
  • Damaged by disease, injury, stress
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15
Q

Amygdala

A
  • Part of the Limbic System
  • Controls fear, aggression, memory consolidation
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16
Q

Limbic System

A
  • Located below the cerebral hemisphere
  • Controls higher functions (i.e. emotions, drive)
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17
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • Part of the Limbic System
  • Controls voluntary movements
  • Leads to Parkinson’s diseases, OCD, ADHD
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18
Q

Cingulate Cortex

A
  • Part of the Limbic System
  • Controls decision making, emotion, anticipation of reward, empathy
  • Controls the autonomic nervous system
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19
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A
  • Part of the basal ganglia
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20
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A
  • Outermost region of the brain
  • Controls speech, thought, perception
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21
Q

Lateralization

A

Certain functions being restricted to a certain location in one of the cerebral hemispheres

22
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  • Connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres to ensure communication
23
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • Outermost later of grey matter that covers both cerebral hemispheres
  • Many folds (maximizes surface area)
  • Controls high mental functions (i.e. learning, speaking, thinking, remembering)
24
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • Part of the cerebral cortex
  • Located behind the forehead
  • Controls MOST complex cognitive processes (i.e. speech, planning, judgement)
  • Controls primary motor cortex for voluntary movements
25
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A
  • Part of Frontal Lobe
  • Located at the front of the frontal lobe
  • Controls higher-level cognitive functions
  • Controls planning behaviour, attention, rational judgment
26
Q

Which part of the brain becomes mature (myelinated) at 25 years old?

A

prefrontal cortex

27
Q

Broca’s Area

A
  • Part of the Frontal Lobe
  • Controls speech production and language formation (left hemispheres)
28
Q

Orbitofrontal Cortex

A
  • Part of the Frontal Lobe
  • Located behind the orbits (eye sockets)
  • Controls emotion and impulse control
29
Q

Parietal Lobe

A
  • Part of the cerebral cortex
  • Located behind the frontal lobe
  • Controls sensory information processing (i.e. touch, temperature, pain)
  • Damages lead to neglect syndrome
30
Q

Temporal Lobe

A
  • Part of the cerebral cortex
  • Located above the ears
  • Controls sound, speech comprehension, processing auditory information
31
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A
  • Controls speech comprehension (left hemispheres)
32
Q

Occipital Lobe

A
  • Located at the back of the brain
  • Controls processing visual information
33
Q

Neurons

A

type of nerve cell that receives and transmits signals throughout the body

34
Q

Action Potential

A

brief electrical impulses that travel down an axon

35
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

carry incoming information from sensory receptors to the CNS

36
Q

Motor Neurons

A

carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands

37
Q

Soma

A

cell body

38
Q

Dendrite

A

receives information and transmits to the soma

39
Q

Axon

A

transmits information to other neurons through synapse

40
Q

Synapse

A
  • Consists of presynaptic ending (releases neurotransmitter) and postsynaptic ending (contains receptors)
41
Q

Neurotransmitter

A
  • Transmit chemical signals from a neuron to a target cell (i.e. muscle cell)
42
Q

Example of Neurotransmitter

A
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
  • Epinephrine
  • Norephinephrine
43
Q

Glial Cells

A
  • Provides structural matrix that surrounds, insulates, nurtures neurons
  • Helps in homeostasis by forming myelin that insulates neurons
44
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A
  • Part of the peripheral nervous system
  • Controls conscious processes (i.e. signals from the brain to muscles for voluntary movement; sensory input)
45
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • Part of the peripheral nervous system
  • Controls glands / organs, and unconscious processes
46
Q

Sympathetic Nerve System

A
  • Controls responses to stress or danger (fight or flight)
47
Q

Parasympathetic Nerve System

A
  • Controls for body processes (i.e. rest, digestion)
48
Q

Enteric Nerve System

A
  • Controls digestion by communicating with the gastrointestinal lining and endocrine system
  • Source of 95% of body’s serotonin
49
Q

Endocrine System

A
  • Responsible for the release of hormones in response to inputs from the hypothalamus
50
Q

Pineal Gland

A
  • Located under the corpus callosum
  • Controls melatonin (i.e. sleep-wake cycles)
51
Q

Pituitary Gland / “Master Gland”

A
  • Located below the hypothalamus
  • Controls growth hormones release and activity of other glands

HOSA (2023 - 2024) (1 decks)

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