The Mind Flashcards
1
Q
Central Nervous System
A
- Type of the nervous system
- Composed of the brain and spinal cord
2
Q
Peripheral Nervous System
A
- Category of the nervous system
- Composed of sensory and motor neurons
3
Q
Brain
A
- Controls thoughts, memory, emotions, motor skills, and internal body processes
4
Q
“Old Brain”
A
- Located at the inner core of the brain-
- Controls the basic functions of life
5
Q
Brainstem
A
- Part of the Old Brain
- Controls automatic survival (i.e. breathing)
6
Q
Medulla
A
- Part of the Brainstem (bottom)
- Controls vital body functions (i.e. breathing)
7
Q
Pons
A
- Part of the Brainstem (middle)
- Controls automatic functions such as the management of sleep, arousal (wake), facial expressions
8
Q
Midbrain
A
- Part of the Brainstem (top)
- Controls sensory reflexes, movement, pain
9
Q
Thalamus
A
- Part of the Old Brain
- Controls sensation, memory, states of consciousness / sensory input of vision, hearing, touch, taste
10
Q
Reticular Formation
A
- Part of the Old Brain
- Controls mood, arousal, sleep
- Source of serotonin and norepinephrine
11
Q
Cerebellum / “Little Brain”
A
- Part of the Old Brain
- Located behind the brainstem
- Controls non-verbal learning and memory; perception of time; modulation of emotions
- Controls balance and motor coordination
12
Q
Which part of the brain has more neurons than the rest of the brain?
A
Cerebellum
13
Q
Hypothalamus
A
- Part of Limbic system
- Located below the thalamus
- Controls motivation, homeostasis, hunger, thirst, reward center using the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
14
Q
Hippocampus
A
- Part of the Limbic System
- Controls learning and memory (i.e. formation, retrieval of long-term)
- Damaged by disease, injury, stress
15
Q
Amygdala
A
- Part of the Limbic System
- Controls fear, aggression, memory consolidation
16
Q
Limbic System
A
- Located below the cerebral hemisphere
- Controls higher functions (i.e. emotions, drive)
17
Q
Basal Ganglia
A
- Part of the Limbic System
- Controls voluntary movements
- Leads to Parkinson’s diseases, OCD, ADHD
18
Q
Cingulate Cortex
A
- Part of the Limbic System
- Controls decision making, emotion, anticipation of reward, empathy
- Controls the autonomic nervous system
19
Q
Nucleus Accumbens
A
- Part of the basal ganglia
20
Q
Cerebral Hemispheres
A
- Outermost region of the brain
- Controls speech, thought, perception
21
Q
Lateralization
A
Certain functions being restricted to a certain location in one of the cerebral hemispheres
22
Q
Corpus Callosum
A
- Connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres to ensure communication
23
Q
Cerebral Cortex
A
- Outermost later of grey matter that covers both cerebral hemispheres
- Many folds (maximizes surface area)
- Controls high mental functions (i.e. learning, speaking, thinking, remembering)
24
Q
Frontal Lobe
A
- Part of the cerebral cortex
- Located behind the forehead
- Controls MOST complex cognitive processes (i.e. speech, planning, judgement)
- Controls primary motor cortex for voluntary movements
25
Prefrontal Cortex
- Part of Frontal Lobe
- Located at the front of the frontal lobe
- Controls higher-level cognitive functions
- Controls planning behaviour, attention, rational judgment
26
Which part of the brain becomes mature (myelinated) at 25 years old?
prefrontal cortex
27
Broca's Area
- Part of the Frontal Lobe
- Controls speech production and language formation (left hemispheres)
28
Orbitofrontal Cortex
- Part of the Frontal Lobe
- Located behind the orbits (eye sockets)
- Controls emotion and impulse control
29
Parietal Lobe
- Part of the cerebral cortex
- Located behind the frontal lobe
- Controls sensory information processing (i.e. touch, temperature, pain)
- Damages lead to neglect syndrome
30
Temporal Lobe
- Part of the cerebral cortex
- Located above the ears
- Controls sound, speech comprehension, processing auditory information
31
Wernicke's Area
- Controls speech comprehension (left hemispheres)
32
Occipital Lobe
- Located at the back of the brain
- Controls processing visual information
33
Neurons
type of nerve cell that receives and transmits signals throughout the body
34
Action Potential
brief electrical impulses that travel down an axon
35
Sensory Neurons
carry incoming information from sensory receptors to the CNS
36
Motor Neurons
carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands
37
Soma
cell body
38
Dendrite
receives information and transmits to the soma
39
Axon
transmits information to other neurons through synapse
40
Synapse
- Consists of presynaptic ending (releases neurotransmitter) and postsynaptic ending (contains receptors)
41
Neurotransmitter
- Transmit chemical signals from a neuron to a target cell (i.e. muscle cell)
42
Example of Neurotransmitter
- Dopamine
- Serotonin
- Epinephrine
- Norephinephrine
43
Glial Cells
- Provides structural matrix that surrounds, insulates, nurtures neurons
- Helps in homeostasis by forming myelin that insulates neurons
44
Somatic Nervous System
- Part of the peripheral nervous system
- Controls conscious processes (i.e. signals from the brain to muscles for voluntary movement; sensory input)
45
Autonomic Nervous System
- Part of the peripheral nervous system
- Controls glands / organs, and unconscious processes
46
Sympathetic Nerve System
- Controls responses to stress or danger (fight or flight)
47
Parasympathetic Nerve System
- Controls for body processes (i.e. rest, digestion)
48
Enteric Nerve System
- Controls digestion by communicating with the gastrointestinal lining and endocrine system
- Source of 95% of body's serotonin
49
Endocrine System
- Responsible for the release of hormones in response to inputs from the hypothalamus
50
Pineal Gland
- Located under the corpus callosum
- Controls melatonin (i.e. sleep-wake cycles)
51
Pituitary Gland / "Master Gland"
- Located below the hypothalamus
- Controls growth hormones release and activity of other glands
