The Middle Ages Flashcards
Simony
practice of bishops selling positions in the church
Gothic
New architectural style - tall spires, pointed arches
Pope Urban II
Catholic Pope who called for Holy war agaisnt the Muslims to conquer the Holy land/Jerusalem (first crusade)
Crusade
Christian holy war to recapture Jerusalem
Saladin
famous muslim leader who fought crusaders
Richard the lionhearted
Christian crusader who fought saladin
reconquista
Spanish effort to drive Muslims out of spain
inquisition
church court used to suppress heresy (enforce Catholosiscm)
Friars
new religious order that traveled - Domincans and Franciscans
3 main efforts of the crusades
-increased trade between Europe and SW Asia
-Power of church and feudal system weakened, monarchial power increased
-bitterness among christians, muslims and jews
four main changes In medieval society
-Growth of food supply (new 3 field system)
-Growth of guilds
-Commercial revolution
-Revival of learning
Guild
An organization of individuals in the same occupation working to improve social and economical conditions fro its workers
3 field system
planting 2/3s of the land to increase plant production
horsepower
uses of horses instead of oxen improved speed
commercial revolution
dramatic expansion of trade and business during the late Middle Ages
medieval towns and cities
communities with growing populations, unsanitary conditions, wooden homes, narrow streets
Revival of learning
vernacular, universities, Thomas Aquinas, scholastics, scholasticism
vernacular
the way people use a language in ta country or region
Scholasticism
the reason to understand faith
Thomas Aquinas
Italian priest who explored the mind and God
Wrote Summa Theologica - basic religious truth could be supported by logical argument
William the conquerer
Norman who invaded and conquered the Anglo-Saxons in England
Henry II
-English king
-Established common law
developed early jury system
-Sent judges to all parts f England to collect taxes, settle lawsuits and enforce punishments
-Married to Eleanor of Aquitaine, giving him a fief in France
King John (John the soft sword)
Forced to sign the Magna Carta ( great charter) guaranteeing rights
Magna Carta (Great Charter)
guaranteed basic political rights to nobles and safeguarded their feudal rights, later was extended to all citizens
Parliament
English legislative group called together by Edward I
House of Lords and House of Commons
check on noble and royal power
Edward I
created the parliament
Hugh Capet (count of Paris)
Capetian king first of the Capetian dynasty who took over from he Caroligians
Phillip II (Philip Augustus)
Seized Normandy from King John of England
-Established royal officers called Blair’s who presided over the kings court and collected taxes
-Expanded power of the manarchy
Louis IX (St. Louis)
created an appeals court to overturn a judges decision
-Expaned power of the monarchy
Phillip IV
-feuded with the pope over taxing priests
-established the Estates-General to gain support over the pope
-1st estate (Clergy) 2nd Estate (nobles) 3rd Estate (commoners)
Otto I
crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the pope after assisting putting down a rebellion in Rome
great schism
Split of Roman Catholic Church during which rival popes claimed authority
John Wycliffe
Englishman who challenged the church, argued the Bible and Jesus are most important
Henry IV
fought with the pope over lay investiture
Concordat of Worms-treaty between pope and Holy Roman Empire
emperor could veto popes appoints
lay investiture
power to appoint and install bishops in office
Jan Hus
Bohemian who challenged church and taught bible most important, was executed
Emperor Frederick (Barbarossa)
lost battle of Legnano and German princes gained power
Frederick II
interests were in Italy, which caused German to fragment
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
married to unify Spain
drove muslims and jews out during the reconquista
used the inquisition to force people to be Catholic
Charles V
expanded Spanish empire
The hundred years war
-Fought between France and England
-Over land rights in France
-England won in the beginning by using the longbow
-France won
Joan of Arc
French commoner who had visions from God, helped the French defeat the English at Orleans, burned at the stake for witchcraft
viking
norsemen from Scandinavia that used longboats and loved invading and sacking
magyar
Hungarians
Lord
owner of manor
vassal
given fief by lord in exchange for military sevice
