Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chapter1 Micro > The Microbial Worl > Flashcards

The Microbial Worl Flashcards

1
Q

Microscopic organisms

A

Microorganisms/microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Microbes lives in and on the human body

A

Microbiology/microbiota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Binomial system:

A

Genus+species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nomenclature:

A

Binomial system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Genus plural:

A

Genera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Species other name

A

Specific epithet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Difference between genus and species

A

Genus:capitalized
Species:not capitalized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Common thing between genus and species:

A

Italicized+underlined مئل وتحته خط

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where do we find staphylococcus?

A

On human skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The clustered staphylococcus arrangement?

A

Coccus indicates that they are shaped like spheres دوائر ببعض

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Aureus meaning:golden what is the golden?

A

Golden is the colour of the colonies of bacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Types of microorganisms:

A

1) bacteria
2) archaea(old bacteria)
3) fungi
4) Protozoa
5) algae
6) viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the nature of bacteria’s organisms?

A

Unicellular organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the synonym of prokaryotic?

A

Prenucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why bacteria is classified as prenucleus?

A

Because they have no nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the cell wall of bacteria made of?

A

From peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the type of division in bacteria?

A

Binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do bacteria move?

A

By flagella الأسواط

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Shapes of bacteria:

A

1) bacillus
2) coccus
3) spiral
4) star shaped/square

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Theses shapes are what?

1) rod like
2) spherical/ovoid
3) corkscrew/curved
4) pairs/chains/clusters

A

1) bacillus
2) coccus
3) spiral
4) star shaped/square

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The most common shape of bacteria?

A

Spiral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the individual bacteria shape?

A

Star shaped/square

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where do we find archea?

A

In extreme environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the archea cell walls lack to?

A

They have lack peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Archea types:

A

1) methanogenes
2) extreme halophiles
3) extreme thermphiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does methanogenes produce methane?

A

By respiration as a waste product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Halophiles means what?

A

Environments like salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where do we find halophiles?

A

In slaty environments like Dead Sea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What extreme thermophiles mean?

A

Archea likes heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where do we find thermophiles?

A

In sulfurous water like hot springs الينابيع الحارة

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the singular of fungi?

A

Fungus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Is archea eukaryotic or prokaryotes?

A

Procaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Is fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the structure of the fungi’s cells?

A

Unicellular & multicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Whose bigger bacteria or fungi?

A

Fungi they have oval microorganisms that are larger than bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Fungi types:

A

Yeasts & molds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the function of molds?

A

Molds form mycelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Is mycelia visible?

A

Yes it is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What composes the mycelia?

A

Hyphae(long filaments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The cell walls of fungi are composed from what?

A

Chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the singular of Protozoa?

A

Protozoan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Protozoa cell’s structure?

A

Unicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Is Protozoa prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the kingdom of Protozoa?

A

Protista

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How do we classify Protozoa?

A

By locomotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Protozoa types:

A

1) pseudopods
2) cilia
3) flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How protozoa lives their life?

A

Free&parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the photosynthetic Protozoa?

A

Euglena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Protozoa reproduction methods?

A

Sexually & asexually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Algae singular is:

A

Alga

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Algae eukaryotes or prokaryotic ?

A

Eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Is algae photosynthetic?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Algae reproduction?

A

Sexual & a sexual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

The cell wall of algae composed of what?

A

Cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Where do we find algae?

A

1) aquatic environment (oceans,lakes,rivers)
2) soil
3) in association with plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Viruses are cellular or a cellular?

A

A cellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are the nucleus acids in viruses?

A

DNA & RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What surrounds the nucleic acids in viruses?

A

Protein coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Viruses reproduction?

A

By cellular machinery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Where do we find viruses?

A

Inside the cell in host organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Multicellular animal parasites types?

A

1) flatworms

2) roundworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What are the flatworms characteristics?

A

Cestodes & trematodes شريطة مسطحة شكل الورقة

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Roundworms characteristics?

A

Nematodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Roundworms synonym?

A

Helminths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is the type of animal parasites that we don’t require it as microorganisms?

A

Roundworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

The first observation of microorganisms?

A

With Magnifying lenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

The second observation of microscopy?

A

On plants slices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

The cell theory

A

All living things are composed of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

Life arise spontaneously from non living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What are the maggots?

A

The larvae of flies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Maggots arise spontaneously or not?

A

No they don’t arise spontaneously from meat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

Heated nutrient fluids poured into covered flasks were soon crowded with microorganisms
Crowded:انخلطت

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What happens after boiling for the heated nutrient that crowded with microorganisms?

A

The microorganisms enter the fluid against needham who showed that heating had destroyed some(vital force) is necessary for the spontaneous generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Why Louis Pasteur drew out the neck of the flask into a long S shape?

A

To prevent the microorganisms in the air from easily entering the flask=To not allowing some air interchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What happens after prolonged incubation?

A

The flasks remained free of microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What happens if the swan neck was broken?

A

The microbes enter the flask and grew

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Aseptic synonym?

A

Germ-free

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What are the basics of aseptic techniques?

A

Pasteur methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

The beginning of microbiologist learn?

A

Aseptic techniques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Wine souring experiment?

A

Wine produces:sour taste +very little alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Acetic acid synonym ?

A

Vinegar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Why the wine was going sour?

A

Because of a “contaminating microbes that change the alcohol into acetic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

How Pasteur could prevent spoilage??

A

By heating the wine or bear enough to kill the bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Heating the wine or bear enough to kill the bacteria?

A

Pasteurization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What is the common thing between souring of wine and infectious disease?

A

They might involve infection by a microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Microbes cause disease :

A

Germ theory of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

How the association between microorganisms & a disease happened ?

A

By proving that silkworm is caused by fungus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What causes silk worm?

A

Fungus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Anthrax is a bacterium:

A

Bacillus anthracis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

A set of rules for the assignment of microbe as a cause of disease?

A

Koch’s postulates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

حفظ فرضيات Koch’s

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Cowpox disease function?

A

Gave immunity to smallpox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

How they inoculated/vaccinated the cowpox patients?

A

By scratching their arm with cow pox infected needle(ابرة)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Vaccination

A

Disease infected needle scratching the arm by it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

The protection from disease provided by vaccination

A

Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

How vaccines work?

A

The bacterium lose their ability to make disease after that they still retained their ability to induce (تحفز)immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

How bacteria lose their ability?

A

Lost their virulence or became avirulent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

What types of bacteria lose their ability?

A

Fowl cholera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

The treatment of disease by chemical substances

A

Chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Substances prepared from chemicals in the laboratory

A

Synthetic drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

The chemical substances that are used in chemotherapy

A

Synthetic drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Where do they use synthetic drugs?

A

In chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

What is the synonym of synthetic drugs?

A

Antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

When do we call synthetic drugs antibiotics?

A

When they are produced naturally by bacteria & fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

How do we produce synthetic drugs naturally?

A

By bacteria & fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

An arsenic derivative? مأخوذ من الزرنيخ

A

Salvarsan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Salvarsan function?

A

Effective against syphilis مرض الزهري

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

A survey of dye derivatives the important group of antibacterial صبغة ما بيكون فيها هاد الgroup

A

Sulfa drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Sulfa drugs uncovered what?

A

The antibacterial group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

What inhibitated the bacterial growth?

A

Penicillium chrysogenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Penicillium chrysogenum is a kind of?

A

Mold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

The study of bacteria ?

A

Bacteriology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

The study of fungi?

A

Mycology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

The study of Protozoa & parasitic worms? الفطريات والطحالب

A

Parasitology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

the study of immunity?

A

Immunology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

The study of viruses?

A

Virology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Virus was so simple & homogeneous it could be crystallised ?

  • simple
  • homogeneous
  • crystallized
A

Tobacco mosaic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

What is the function of the microorganisms after they are genetically modified?

A

It’s going to manufacture large amounts of human’s hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

It’s a technology used to make large quantities of protein

A

rDNA(recombinant DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

Recycling vital elements ex:

A

Nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

Soul bacteria uses atmospheric nitrogen

A

Nitrogen fixation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

What happens for the fixed nitrogen?

A

It’s going to be incorporated in the living organisms after that it’s going to return to being gaseous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

Why the nitrogen fixed returns to be gaseous?

A

To make up the nitrogen cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

Why there are a decomposition for the organic wastes and dead plants and animals?

A

To produce CO2 to the etmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

Cyanobacteria and higher plants use the carbon dioxide for animals during photosynthesis what it is & why?

A

Algae,to produce carbohydrates for animals /fungi /bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

Bioremediation

A

Microbes are used in treatment of sewage & treating oil spills &toxic waste sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

What is the function of bacillus thuringiensis

A

Are used in control of insect nests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

Recombinant DNA technology function?

A

1Production of insulin interferon clotting substances

2) vaccines
3) to improve appearance,flavour & shelf life of fruits and vegetables
4) resistance to insects and microbial diseases
5) increased temperature tolerance in crops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

Replacing missing or detective genes in human cells

A

Gene therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

Resistance to insects & microbial diseases

A

Agricultural applications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

Why the genetically strains of bacteria have been developed?

A

1) to protect fruit against frost damage
2) to protect modified bacteria
3) to control insects that damage crops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

Mad cow disease scientific name

A

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

Emerging infectious disease ex

A

Mad cow disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

What causes mad cow disease?

A

By prions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

Infectious protein

A

Prion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

E.coliO157:H7infections

A

Prion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

Units of measurement

A

دراستهم من الكتاب

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

Microscopes characteristics

A

1) magnification

2) resolution or resolving power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

The ability to enlarge objects

A

Magnification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

The ability to distinguish between two points on an image

A

Resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

The total power of magnification of light microscopes is obtained by ?

A

Multiplying objective lens power by ocular lens power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

A mathematical constant that describes the relative efficiency of a lens in bending light rays

A

Numerical aperture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

Resolution & wavelength

A

عكسي

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

Prevents refractive loss that normally occurs as peripheral light passes from the slide into the air

A

Refractive index

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

Treponema pallidum are best seen with?

A

Dark field microscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

The condenser blocks light from entering the objective directly

A

Opaque disk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
147
Q

What kind of light is seen as image?& why?

A

Peripheral light,because there is no direct background light the specimen appears light against a black background

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

Dark field microscope function

A

Examine live microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

Why phase contrast microscopy is useful the most?

A

Because the internal structure of a cell become (more sharply defined permitting detailed examination )of living microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
150
Q

Unstained cell lack contrast & can be difficult to distinguish

A

Internal components of a live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

Where the light patterns come from in the phase contrast microscope?how?

A
  • The regions /devices that vary in constrast

- these devices transform changes in light waves passing through the specimen into differences in light intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

The phase contrast microscope

function?

A

Useful in observing intracellular structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
153
Q

Where do we use phase contrast microscope Useful in observing intracellular structures?

A
  • In bacterial spores

- the locomotor structures of eukaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

In the phase contrast microscope where is the source of light rays?

A
  • Directly from the light source(set1)

- reflected or diffracted from a particular structure in the specimen(set2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

Set1 & 2 together what they form?

A

An image of the specimen on the ocular lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

An image of the specimen on the ocular lens consist from what?

A
  • in phase:areas that are relatively light

- out of phase: through shades of gray to black

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
157
Q

Dyes that show fluorescence

A
  • Acridine

- fluorescein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

How the dyes show fluorescence?

A

Illuminated by ultraviolet rays emiting visible light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

Flurorescent dyes are fixed to what?

A

To specific anti bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
160
Q

Where do the fluorescent fixed to specific antibodies?

A

In diagnostic procedures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
161
Q

Fluorescent antibodies function?

A

1) to detect the causative agent in disease like: Syphilis & chlamydiosis
2) combine with antibodies against specific type of bacteria (the antibodies illuminated with ultraviolet light)
3) in treponema antibody absorption(shows as green cells against a darker background)

162
Q

Electron microscopes use what?

A

Beam of electrons

163
Q

How do the electromagnetic lenses work?

A

Use a focus beam of electrons onto a specimen

164
Q

Resolving power of electron microscope is greater than the other microscopes?

A

True

165
Q

How much the wave length of the electron microscope in general is?

A
  • 100000X(smaller than the wave length of the visible light)

- 10000-100000

166
Q

Types of electron microscopy?

A

1) TEM(transmission electron microscopy)

2) SEM(scanning electron microscopy)

167
Q

(1)Beams of electrons from an electron gun passes through ultrathin section of the specimen?

A

TEM

168
Q

How TEM’s electrons passes from the electron gun?what happens next?

A
  • Through ultrathin section of the specimen

- electrons pass through the specimen and are scattered تشتتت

169
Q

(2)The specimen characteristics in TEM?

A

Placed on a copper mesh grid (not on glass)

170
Q

Where do the magnetic lenses focus the image?

A

Onto a fluorescent screen

171
Q

How does the TEM appears like what?

A

As many light & dark areas

172
Q

How the TEM appears?

A

Depending on the number of electrons absorbed by different areas of the specimen

173
Q

TEM magnification?

A

10000-10000000X

174
Q

SEM’s function?

A

1) Overcome the sectioning problems associated with a TEM

2) provides striking 3D views of specimens

175
Q

SEM steps?

A

1) electron gun produces primary electron beam

2) these electrons pass through electromagnetic lenses & directed over the specimen

176
Q

The difference between primary & secondary electrons?

A

The primary electron beam knocks electrons out of the surface of the specimen & secondary electrons produced are transmitted to an electron collector amplified and used to produce an image on a viewing screen that is saved as a scanning electron micrograph

177
Q

SEM

A
  • 1000 to 500000X

- 10nm

178
Q

Thin film of material containing the microorganisms spread over the surface of the slide and allowed to dry

A

Smear

179
Q

After smearing the slide it’s going to be fixed by passing it through the flame of a Bunsen burner several times

A

Heat fixation

180
Q

Smear side up or by covering the slide with methanol for 1 minute

A

Chemical fixation

181
Q

Before the microorganisms can be stained they must be fixed attached to the microorganisms and fixes them to the slide

A

Fixing simultaneously

182
Q

Fixing simultaneously functions:

A

1) kills the microorganisms
2) fixes them to the slide
3) preserves various parts of microbes in their natural state with only minimal distortion

183
Q

Stains synonym

A

Chromophore

184
Q

Cations & anions

A
  • basic dyes:cation

- acidic dye:anion

185
Q

Salts are composed of positive or negative ion coloured substance

A

Stains/chromophore

186
Q

When bacteria is negatively charged?

A

Ph=7

187
Q

Basic dyes

A

1) Crystal violet
2) methylene blue
3) malachite green
4) safranin

188
Q

Whose the dye that dye the back ground,negatively charged bacterial surface?

A

Acidic dyes

189
Q

Preparing colourless bacteria against a coloured back ground?

A

Negative staining

190
Q

Negative staining functions?

A

To observe cell shapes sizes capsules

191
Q

How the negative staining makes their functions?

A

Because the cells are made highly visible against a contrasting dark back ground

192
Q

Why the negative staining distortions of cell size and shape are minimized?

A

Because fixing isn’t necessary and the cells don’t pick up the stain

193
Q

What are the acidic dyes?

A

Eosin , acid fuchsin,Indian ink,nigrosin

194
Q

Positive staining methods are classified:

A

Simple
Differential
Special

195
Q

The difference between simple & differential stains?

A
  • simple: single dyes

- differential:two different dyes

196
Q

What are the two different dyes of differential stains?

A

Primary dye & counterstain

197
Q

Used to study bacterial characteristics as size shape and arrangement?

A

Simple stains

198
Q

Is added to the solution to intensify the stain to increase the affinity of a stain for biological specimen

A

Amordant

199
Q

Simple stains dyes:

A
  • methylene blue
  • carbolfuchsin
  • crystal violet
  • Safranin
200
Q

The most useful differential stain is:

A

Gram stain

201
Q

Gram stain divides bacteria into:

A

Gram positive:purple

Gram negative:pink/red

202
Q

Gram positive with the following:

A

Crystal violet:purple
Mordant (IKI):purple
Decolorisation (ethanol):purple
Counterstain):purple

203
Q

Crystal violet:purple
Mordant (IKI):purple
Decolorisation (ethanol):purple
Counterstain):purple

A

Crystal violet:purple
Mordant (IKI):purple
Decolorisation (ethanol):purple
Counterstain (safranin)purple

204
Q

Gram negative with the following:

A

Crystal violet:purple
Mordant (IKI):purple
Decolorisation (ethanol):colourless
Counterstain(safranin):red

205
Q

How the dark violet/purple colour result?

A

The purple dye +iodine combine in the cell wall in the bacterium

206
Q

The bacteria that retain this colour after alcohol/alcohol and acetone what it is and what happens?

A

Are gram positive

Attempt to decolorize

207
Q

The bacteria that lost the colour dark violet/purple after decolorization?

A

Gram negative bacteria

208
Q

Why the gram negative bacteria lose the colour of dark violet/purple?

A

Because they are colourless after the alcohol wash they are no longer visible

209
Q

Why the basic dye safranin is applied?

A

Because they are colourless after the alcohol wash they are no longer visible & it turns the gram negative bacteria pink

210
Q

Safranin has contrasting colour to the primary stain?

A

Counterstains

211
Q

Why the gram positive bacteria retain the original purple stain ?

A

Because they are not affected by the safranin counterstain

212
Q

Gram positive bacteria or gram negative bacteria’s cell wall (peptidoglycan)is thicker?

A

Gram positive bacteria

213
Q

Which bacteria contain a layer of lipopolysaccharide?

A

Gram negative

214
Q

When applying gram negative & positive what happens to the cells?

A

Crystal violet & iodine enter the cell walls

215
Q

Crystal violet & iodine alone and in water?

A

Alone:water soluble

In water:in soluble

216
Q

What happens when Crystal violet and iodine are in water?

A

It won’t easily leave the cell wall

217
Q

What happens after adding the gram positive cells to CV-I?

CV-I :Crystal violet iodine

A

Retain the colour of the Crystal violet dye

218
Q

What happens after adding the gram negative for the CV-I?

A

The alcohol wash disrupts the outer lipopolysaccharide layer & the CV-I is washed out of the thin layer of peptidoglycan

219
Q

Until what the gram negative & positive are colourless?

A
  • negative: Until counterstained with safranin which they are pink/red dye & they don’t retain the dye
  • positive :retain the dye and remain purple
220
Q

Acid fast stain function?

A

Is used to distinguish certain bacteria that contain waxy materials in their cell walls

221
Q

What kind of waxy materials are in the cell wall?

A

Mycolic acid

222
Q

What component makes the cell wall resistant to most stains?

A

Mycolic acid

223
Q

What will penetrate the cell wall staining a red colour to cells that is not removed when the decolorizing agent alcohol is added?

A

Heating the carbolfuchsin(acid fast)

224
Q

Why the majority of bacteria lose the red colour when acid alcohol is added?

A

Because they don’t have mycolic acid in their cell wall

225
Q

The kind of bacteria that don’t have mycolic acid in their cell wall what happens to them?

A

They then take up the counterstain methylene blue & refer to non acid fast

226
Q

How do we distinguish the pathogenic bacteria?

A

By :

  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Mycobacterium leprae
227
Q

Actinomycete genus nocardia & nocardia asteroides are:

A

Acid fast

228
Q

To colour parts of microorganisms stains?

A

Special stain

229
Q

Special stains ex

A

Endospores
Flagella
Capsules

230
Q

What is the process that produce endospores?

A

Sporogenesis

231
Q

When the sporogenesis is released?

A

Upon the death of the cell

232
Q

What produces the endospores?

A

Vegetative cell

233
Q

Endospores structure

A

Resistant/dormant

234
Q

Endospores function ?

A

Protects a bacterium from adverse environmental conditions

235
Q

Why is free spore a dormant structure highly resistant nature?

A

Because 1)the spore acts like a sieve that excludes large toxic molecules like lysozyme
2)it contain of keratin and other core specific proteins which makes the endospore extremely hardy

236
Q

Why endospores can’t be stained by ordinary methods like simple staining and gram staining?

A

Because the dyes don’t penetrate the endospores wall

237
Q

The most commonly used endospores stain is :

A

Schaeffer Fulton endospore stain

238
Q

The detection of endospores function?

A

Useful in the identification of some bacteria including species of bacillus & clostridium

239
Q

Bacillus anthracis causes

A

Anthrax

240
Q

Clostridium botulinum causes:

A

Botulism

241
Q

Clostridium tetani causes:

A

Tetanus

242
Q

Clostridium perfringens causes:

A

Causes gas gangrene

243
Q

Primary stain heats fixed smear?

A

Malachite green

244
Q

The heat from malachite green function?

A

Helps the stain penetrate the endospore wall

245
Q

Why the preparation is washed for 30 seconds with water?

A

To remove the Malachi green from all of the cells parts except the endospores

246
Q

Why the safranin counterstain is applied to the smear ?

A

To stain portions of the cell other than endospores

247
Q

What happens after the safranin counterstain is applied to the smear ?

A

The endospores appears green with red or pink cells

248
Q

Is a method of observing the microbial capsule an extra cellular layer surrounding the cell that is composed of polysaccharides and polypeptides

A

Capsule staining or negative staining

249
Q

Determining the organisms virulence

A

Capsules

250
Q

The degree to which a pathogen can cause disease

A

Virulence

251
Q

Capsule characteristics

A

Resistant to staining/water soluble may be dislodged or removed during rigorous washing

252
Q

How the capsule can be revealed?

A

It can be revealed by using a negative stain combination of acidic and basic stains

253
Q

The difference between acidic & basic stain?

A

Acidic stain:India ink or nigrosin /colours the background

Basic stain:safranin colours the cell

254
Q

How the capsule appears ?

A

Clear halo around the cell

255
Q

What causes bacteria pneumonia?

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae/streptococcus pneumoniae

256
Q

What kinds of bacteria form capsules?

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae/streptococcus pneumoniae

257
Q

A method of revealing flagella the tiny slender filaments used by bacteria for locomotion

A

Flagellar staining

258
Q

Flagella arrangements?

A

Monotrichous
amphitrichous
Lophotrichous
Periodic houses

259
Q

Where do we use the flagella arrangements?

A

In bacterial identification

260
Q

Procedure uses a mordant and the stain carbolfuchsin to build up the diameter ms of the flagella until they become visible under the light microscope

A

Flagellar staining

261
Q

Prokaryotic synonym?

A

Prenucleus

262
Q

Genetic material?

A

DNA

263
Q

DNA characteristics in prokaryotic?

A
  • one cellular chromosome

- not enclosed within a membrane

264
Q

Is DNA in prokaryotic cells enclosed within a member?

A

No

265
Q

Which bacteria has 2 chromosomes?

A

Vibrio cholerae

266
Q

Is their any prokaryotic bacteria has a linearly arranged chromosome?

A

Yes

267
Q

Membrane enclosed organelles in procaryotic?

A

Lacking of membrane enclosed organelles it has a few membrane enclosed organelles

268
Q

Which membrane enclosed organelles in prokaryotic?

A

Inclusions

269
Q

DNA association with histones?

A

Is not associated with it

270
Q

Cells wall in prokaryotic cells?

A

Contain peptidoglycan

271
Q

Prokaryotic cells division?

A

Binary fission

272
Q

Nucleus in eukaryotic?

A

Bounded by a membrane

273
Q

DNA in eukaryotic?

A

Is found in multiple chromosomes

274
Q

DNA association in eukaryotic?

A

With proteins: histones and non histones

275
Q

Eukaryotic cells division?

A

Mitotic apparatus

276
Q

Membrane enclosed organelles in eukaryotic?

A

Posses ✅

277
Q

Membrane enclosed organelles in eukaryotic like what?

A
  • Mitochondria

- endoplasmic reticulum -chloroplasts

278
Q

Bacteria range in size?

A

0.2-2Mm

279
Q

Bacteria range in length ?

A

2-8Mm

280
Q

Basic bacterial shapes:

A
  • Coccus
  • bascillus
  • spiral
281
Q

Coccus synonym?

A

Spherical

282
Q

Coccus plural?

A

Cocci

283
Q

Cocci shapes?

A
  • oval
  • elongated
  • Flattened on one side
284
Q

Bacillus plural?

A

Bacilli

285
Q

Bacillus synonym?

A

Rod shaped

286
Q

Arrangement of spherical cocci bacteria?

A
  • single cocci
  • diplococci
  • streptococci
  • tetrads
  • sarcinae
  • staphylococci
287
Q

Which type of bacterial cells form pairs?

A

Diplococci

288
Q

Which type of bacterial cells form chains?

A

Streptococci

289
Q

Which type of bacterial cells form groups of four?

A

Tetrads

290
Q

Which type of bacterial cells form groups of eight (cube like)?

A

Sarcinae

291
Q

Which type of bacterial cells form (grape like clusters)?

A

Staphylococci

292
Q

Bacilli shapes?

A
  • Single bacilli
  • diplobacilli
  • streptobacilli
293
Q

Which type of bacilli appear in pairs &chains?

A
  • diplobacilli

- streptobacilli

294
Q

Bacilli are oval & look so much like cocci?

A

Coccobacilli

295
Q

Bacilli shapes:

A

Straws
Tapered ends:cigars
Oval:coccibacilli

296
Q

Bacterial shape/captilized& italicized?

A

Bacillus & specific genus bacillus

297
Q

Spiral bacteria shape?

A

Come or more twists/never straight

298
Q

Bacteria that look like curved rods?

A

Vibrios

299
Q

Spirilla singular?

A

Spirillum

300
Q

Spirilla characteristics?

A
  • helical shape like a corkscrew
  • fairly rigid bodies
  • are motile by means of flagella
301
Q

Spirals are helical & flexible:

A

Spirilla & spirochetes

302
Q

Spirochetes characteristics?

A
  • helical shape
  • flexible
  • have axial filaments for motility
303
Q

Single pleomorphic ?

A

Monomorphic

304
Q

Prokaryotic cell wall structure?

A

Glycocalyx/flagella/axial filaments/fimbriae/pili

305
Q

Glycocalyx in prokaryotic cell wall?

A

Polysaccharide & polypeptide

306
Q

Glycocalyx:

  • organized & tightly attached to the cell wall
  • unorganized & loosely attached to the cell wall
A
  • Capsule

- slime layer

307
Q

Capsules function?

A

1) contribute in bacterial virulence

2) protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis by the cells of the host

308
Q

Glycocalyx function?

A

Helps bacterial cells in a biofilm attach to the surfaces

309
Q

Streptococcus mutans work mechanism?

A

Is an important cause of dental caries attaches itself to the surface of teeth by glycocalyx

310
Q

Encapsulated bacteria:

A
  • streptococcus pneumoniae
  • haemophillus influenzae
  • bacillus anthracis
311
Q

A cause of pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

312
Q

An infection of the lung?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

313
Q

Cause of meningitis?

A

Haemophilus influenzae

314
Q

The cause of anthrax?

A

Bacillus anthracis

315
Q

Flagellar filaments?

A

Are composed of flagellin protein protein

316
Q

The long outer most region?

A

Filament

317
Q

The filament in flagella is attached to what?

A

To hook (wider hook)

318
Q

Flagella parts?

A
  • Flagellar filaments
  • filament
  • hook
  • basal body
319
Q

Basal body anchored to what?

A
  • in gram negative : anchored to cell wall & plasma membrane
  • in gram positive: anchored to plasma membrane
320
Q

Flagella types:(arrangement)

A
  • monotrichous
  • lophotrichous
  • amphitrichous
  • peritrichous
  • atrichous
321
Q

Single flagellum at one pole?

A

Monotrichous

322
Q

A truft of flagella coming from one pole or both?

A

Lophotrichous

323
Q

One flagellum at each pole?

A

Amphitrichous

324
Q

Flagella distributed over the cell?

A

Peritrichous

325
Q

Lack flagella?

A

Atrichous

326
Q

Bacteria movement?

A

Running & tumbling

327
Q

Flagella movement?

A

Clockwise/counter wise:

  • run/swim(directional movement)
  • tubmbles(random changes in direction)
328
Q

Bacteria movement toward or away is

A

Taxis

329
Q

Stimuli?

A
  • include chemicals:chemical stimuli

- include light:phototaxis

330
Q

Receptors locations in motile bacteria?

A

In/under the cell wall

331
Q

Receptors function in motile bacteria?

A

Pick up chemical stimuli such as: oxygen/ribose/galactose

332
Q

Flagellar protein?

A

H antigene

333
Q

H antigene function?

A

Is useful for distinguishing among serovars or variations within a species of gram negative bacteria

334
Q

H antigene Ecoli association with what?

A

With food borne epidemics

335
Q

Spirochetes movement?

A

Move by means of axial filaments or endoflagella

336
Q

Bundles of fibrils that arise near cell poles beneath an outer sheath and wrap in spiral fashion around the cell?

A

Endoflagella

337
Q

Gram negative bacterial cells have numerous hair like appendages?

A

Fimbriae & pili

338
Q

Fimbriae singular ?

A

Fimbria

339
Q

Pili singular?

A

Pilus

340
Q

shorter than flagella
have pilin protein
G-ve
Hair like appandages

A

Pili

341
Q

Fimbriae?

A

Occur at the poles of the bacterial cell/can be evently distributed over the entire surface of the cell

342
Q

Fimbriae in bacteria?

A

From a few to several hundred per cell

343
Q

Fimbriae function?

A

Help bacteria adhere to epithelial surfaces

344
Q

Fimbriae on the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoea function?

A

1) The causative agent of gonorrhoea

2) help the microbe colonize mucous membranes

345
Q

Fimbriae of E. coli 0157 function?

A

Enable the bacteium to adhere to the lining of the small intestine where it causes watery diarrhea

346
Q

Pili length & number?

A

Longer than fimbriae & one or two per cell

347
Q

Pili are involved in motility & transfer of DNA from one cell to another in a process called

A

Conjugation

348
Q

Pili for conjugation?

A

Sex pili

349
Q

The bacterial cell wall structure?

A

Semirigid

350
Q

The bacterial cell wall structure function?

A

1) giving the characteristic shape of the cell
2) prevent bacterial cells from rupturing
3) serves as point of anchoring for flagella

351
Q

Gram positive cell wall:

A

1) many peptidoglycan layers
2) teichoic acid
3) flagella basal body (plasma membrane)

352
Q

Gram negative cell wall

A

1) linear peptidoglycan
2) outer membrane
3) flagella basal body in cell wall plasma membrane

353
Q

The chemical composition of the cell wall function?

A

Is used to differentiate major types of bacteria

354
Q

Cell wall importance & function?why?

A

Because it contributes to the ability of some species to cause disease & is the site of action of some antibiotics

355
Q

Macromolecular network in cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan:

  • murein
  • mucopeptide
356
Q

Disaccharide portion is made up of monosaccharides?

A

Peptidoglycan:
N-acetylglucosammine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

357
Q

NAM & NAG linked in what?

A

-Rows/10-65 sugars

-

358
Q

NAM & NAG form what?

A

Carbohydrate backbone(the fly can portion of peptidoglycan)

359
Q

Adjacent rows are linked by what?

A

By polypeptides(the peptide portion of peptidoglycan?

360
Q

Tetrapeptide side chains consist of what?

A

Four amino acids attached to NAM in the backbone

361
Q

The amino acids in tetra peptide occurring location?

A

In pattern of L & D forms

362
Q

Parallel tetrapeptide side chains structure?

A

1) directly bonded to each other

2) linked by a peptide cross bridge(consisting of a short chain of amino acid)

363
Q

Periplasmic space location in gram positive?

A

Between cell wall and plasma membrane

364
Q

Periasmic membrane in gram positive composed of what?

A

Lipoteichoic acid

365
Q

Teichoic acid in gram positive consist of what ?

A

Alcohol/glycerol/ribitol/phosphate

366
Q

Teichoic acids classes:

A
  • lipoteichoic acid

- wall teichoic acid

367
Q

Lipoteichoic acid in gram positive?

A

Spans peptidoglycan layer & linked to the plasma membrane

368
Q

Wall teichoic acid?

A

Linked to the peptidoglycan layer

369
Q

Teichoic acid function?

A

1) bind Andre regulate the movement of cations
2) protect bacteria from cell lysis
3) provide mouth of walls antigenic specificity
4) make it possible to identify gram positive bacteria by certain laboratory tests

370
Q

Gram negative cell walls ?

A

Thin layer of peptidoglycan & an outer membrane

371
Q

More susceptible to mechanical breakage?

A

Gram negative cell wall

372
Q

The region between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane

A

Gram negative bacteria periplasmic space

373
Q

Peptidoglycan in gram negative bacteria?

A

Is bonded to lipoproteins in the outer membrane & is in the peri plasma a gel like fluid in the periplasmic space

374
Q

Periplasm in g-be in cell walls?

A

1) contains high concentration of degradative enzymes

2) transport proteins

375
Q

Does g-ve have teichoic acid?

A

No

376
Q

The outer membrane of gram negative consist of:

A

1) lipopolysaccharides
2) lipoproteins
3) phospholipids

377
Q

Outer membrane functions:

A

1) evading phagocytosis because it’s negatively charged
2) the actions of compliment
3) provides a barrier to (detergents /heavy metals/bile salts/certain dyes/antibiotics) & digestive system enzymes (lysozyme)
4) permeability of the outer membrane is due to porins
5) components of lipopolysaccharide(lipid A/a core polysaccharide/O poly saccharide)

378
Q

Lipid A function as an endotoxin:

A

1)responsiple for the symptoms associated with infections by gram negative bacteria such as:
A)fever dilation of blood vessels & shock & blood clotting
2)core poly saccharide is attached to lipid A & the O polysaccharide extends outward from the core polysaccharide

379
Q

O polysaccharide function as an antigen?

A

Is useful for distinguishing serovars of gram negative bacteria

380
Q

Why we call lipid A endotoxins?

A

Because they are integral part of the cell wall in contrast to exotoxins which are freely released from the bacteria

381
Q

Mycoplasma characteristics:

A
  • smallest known bacteria
  • grow & reproduce outside living host cells
  • don’t have cell walls
  • have sterols in their plasma membrane
382
Q

Archea & walls

A

Lack of walls composed of polysaccharides+ proteins but not peptidoglycan

383
Q

Similar substance to peptidoglyacn in arches cell walls?

A

Pseudomurein

384
Q

Pseudomurein contains what instead of NAM?

A
  • N-acetyltalosminuronic acid

- Lack of D-amino acids found in bacterial cell walls

385
Q

Why arches is gram negative?

A

Because they don’t contain peptidoglycan

386
Q

How much the acid fast cell wall of mycobacterium & nocardia contains mycloic acids?

A

60%

387
Q

The mycloic acid & peptidoglycan are held together by what?

A

By polysaccharides

388
Q

Why the mycolic acid & peptidoglycan are held together by polysaccharides?

A

Because of its unique cell wall when it’s stained by the acid fast procedure it will resist declorization with acid alcohol & stain red & the colour of the intial stain carbolfuchsin

389
Q

Acid fast procedure:

A

it will resist declorization with acid alcohol & stain red & the colour of the intial stain carbolfuchsin

390
Q

The colour of methylene blue counter stain?

A

All other bacteria (except mycobacterium & no cardia) will be declorized and stain blue

391
Q

What happens if the mycolic acid layer is removed from the cell wall of acid fast bacteria?

A

They will stain gram positive with gram stain

392
Q

Why chemicals that damage bacterial cell walls or interfere with their synthesis don’t harm the cells of an animal host?

A

Because the bacterial cell wall is made of chemicals unlike those in eukaryotic cells

393
Q

Is a good target for antibacterial drugs?

A

The peptidoglycan cell wall

394
Q

Penicillin a/cephalosporins/vancomycin drugs function?

A

inhibit the synthesis of peptidoglycan by inhibiting the transpeptidase that makes the cross links between the two adjacent tetrapeptide side

395
Q

Lysosome enzyme location?

A

Is present in human tears /mucus/saliva

396
Q

Lysozyme function?

A

Can cleave the peptidoglycan backbone by breaking its glycosyl bonds(thereby contributing to the natural resistance of the host to microbial infection)

397
Q

Gram positive bacteria that has lost its cell wall and is surrounded only by the plasma membrane (complete removal of gram positive cell wall)

A

Protoplast

398
Q

Gram negative cell treated with lysozyme retain much of the outer membrane layer (incomplete removal of gram negative cell wall)

A

Spheroplast

399
Q

Are sensitive to rupture by osmotic lysis?

A

Protoplast & spheroplast

400
Q

L-forms:

A

Gram positive & negative
Don’t make a cell wall
L forms arise spontaneously from a mutation in the cell wall forming genes
-they can be induced artificially by treatment with chemical such as lysozyme or penicillin that disrupts the cell wall
-L forms can live and divide repeatedly or return to the walled state

Chapter1 Micro (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions