The Medical Renaissance (KT2)

Question 1

List 8 specific differences between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance causing much more change creating progression in Medicine.

Answer 1

• In the Renaissance people asked more questions and thought scientific
• They experimented in the renaissance.
• They dissected human bodies not just animals
• Printing Press was developed
• Scholars were there
• The Reformation happened
• The royal society was established

Question 2

Scholars

Answer 2

Rejected the idea that the church was the source of all knowledge.

Question 3

The Reformation

Answer 3

Movement accused by the Catholic church of being to powerful and corrupt.

Question 4

What was Vesalius’s background?

Answer 4

Family were physicians.

Question 5

Why was printing so important to the progress of medicine during the Medical Renaissance? ( 7 reasons )

Answer 5

• Vesalius published a book about his findings.
• Spread knowledge and ideas
• Changed the nature and speed of what was published
• Translations
• Difficult for the church to control
• Allows accurate ideas to be spread
• Challenges and proves Galen’s wrong

Question 6

Name of Vesalius’ book.

Answer 6

Fabrica - Fabric of human body

Question 7

In 1540 Vesalius…

Answer 7

Did a full public dissection at a university

Question 8

IN 1543 Vesalius….

Answer 8

Published his book Fabrica.

Question 9

4 achievements of Vesalius’

Answer 9

• Corrected 200 of Galen’s mistakes
  e. g location of the kidneys and major organs, nerves, muscles placements
• Able to dissection without method of imbarment
• He laid down the foundation for Harvey about proper anatomy and he also improved understanding of the human body.
• Published his book Fabrica in 1543

Question 10

4 limitations of Vesalius’

Answer 10

• Doesn’t discuss circulation of the blood.
• Doesn’t look into disease or germs
• People said he was wrong the body had changed and people just refused to believe him
• Body snatching = was illegal and was look down upon because it went against the church which was still influential at the time.

Question 11

Early Renaissance

Answer 11

Art, Anatomy, Books, Printing, Vesalius, Voyages, Questioning of church

Question 12

Later Renaissance

Answer 12

Scientific, Plague 1665, challenge to Church, Harvey, Royal Society

Question 13

Identify 8 ways in which science shaped the Medical Renaissance

Answer 13

• The method of deductive reasoning - Physicians learnt how to make a deduction from their patients symptoms and to diagnose what was wrong = reasons for why everything happened
• 17th century scientist had a new view/ attitude on the human body.
• Galileo’s work on telescope meant increased knowledge about lenses
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek = microscope - the observation of the largest bodies, the stars and planets, led directly to knowledge about the smallest bodies, cells and bacteria.
• Harvey encouraged his student to do human dissection
• Royal Society aimed at the improvement of natural knowledge
• The printing press
• Chain of development - one discovery could be followed up by others connected to it.

Question 14

In 1628 Harvey…

Answer 14

Wrote his book motion of heart and blood

Question 15

In 1676 Thomas Sydneham….

Answer 15

Published his book medical observations

Question 16

3 achievements of Harvey’s’

Answer 16

• Corrected Galen’s mistakes
  e. g Galen said the blood was created in the liver, Harvey found it was in the heart and it circulated around the body.
• Laid foundation for blood test, blood transfusion and transplants.
• Had used Vesalius’s method of dissection, observation and detailed drawings.

Question 17

3 Limitations of Harvey’s

Answer 17

• Still haven’t found out about germs.
• Harvey’s discoveries were only gradually accepted
• Harvey’s discover didn’t make anyone better.

Question 18

Why was the Royal society important to the progress of medicine during the Medical Renaissance? ( 4 reasons)

Answer 18

• Brought together scientist to share and build on ideas.
• Published books and articles to spread ideas
• Finical support from King Charles 2 to find medical and scientific knowledge
• Challenged traditional ideas

Question 19

Why was Sydenham’s work significant? ( 3 reasons)

Answer 19

• Placed great importance of careful observation
• Detailed description on many illness = scarlet fever
• Published his book ‘Medical Observation’

Question 20

What did Sydenahm not figure out?

Answer 20

A theory of what caused disease.

Question 21

Explain one similarity in the Government and the physicians response to the Great Plague with the Black Death.

Answer 21

• Punishment from God

- Miasma

Question 22

What was the theory of transference?

Answer 22

That an illness or diseases could be transferred to something else.

Question 23

What was iatrochemistry?

Answer 23

People looked for chemical cures for diseases instead of relying on herbs and bloodletting.

Question 24

Transference

Answer 24

• People believed that if you rubbed an object on an aliment ( such as a boil) the disease would transfer from you to the object
• They believed you could get rid of warts by rubbing them with an onion

Question 25

iatrochemistry

Answer 25

• Experimented with metals as cures for common aliments.
• 2140 remedies with 122 different chemical preparations, including mercury and antimony
• Antimony promotes sweating, which cools down the body
  Used to encourage vomiting however is poisonous in its pure form.

Question 26

Why did Harvey’s work gain publicity and credibility?

Answer 26

He was the royals physician

Question 27

Provide a key idea that was contained in Observations Medicae (1676)

Answer 27

Observe patients and record results

Question 28

When did the Great Plague take place?

Answer 28

1665

Question 29

What was a new idea about the cause of the Great Plague?

Answer 29

• Cats and dogs

- Transference

Question 30

Who were quack doctors?

Answer 30

Unqualified doctors

Question 31

Identify 3 new treatments that emerged in the Medical Renaissance

Answer 31

• Transference
• New herbal treatment
• Chemical cures and treatments

Question 32

Why had herbal treatments emerged?

Answer 32

Travel to American bringing in new cures

Question 33

Why had chemical cures and treatment emerged?

Answer 33

There was now a greater culture of experimental with science

Question 34

Why had transference emerged?

Answer 34

Didn’t know/ understand why they were actually ill.

Question 35

Physicians move away from the four humours but…

Answer 35

Doesn’t reflect the rest of society.

Question 36

Continuation for Apothecaries and surgeons

Answer 36

They were still not given university training and were still considered inferior to physicians and cheaper

Question 37

Continuity for physicians

Answer 37

• They were still trained at universities and the training lasted for many years.
• Training was still based on learning from textbooks rather than practical experience.

Question 38

Change for Apothecaries and surgeons

Answer 38

• Both were better trained through being in guild systems, where they were apprentices then journeymen before becoming masters.
• A licence was now needed to work as an apothecary or surgeon and these were only issued after completing training.

Question 39

Change Physicians

Answer 39

• There was better access to a wider variety of medical books and detailed drawings due to the printing press.
• Dissections was legalised but took time to become commonplace.
• New ideas about anatomy and causes of disease inspired some physicians to become more practical and experimental