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Biology OCR (7, exchange surfaces and breathing) > The mammalian gaseous exchange system > Flashcards

The mammalian gaseous exchange system Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are gaseous exchange surfaces moist?

A

So oxygen dissolves in the water before diffusing into the body tissue

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2
Q

Why does the nasal cavity have a large surface area with a good blood supply

A

To warm the air to body temperature

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3
Q

Why does the nasal cavity have a hairy lining?

A

The hairy lining secretes mucus to trap dust and bacteria, which protects delicate lung tissue from irritation and infection.

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4
Q

Why does the nasal cavity have a moist surface?

A

The moist surface increases the humidity of the entering air so as to reduce evaporation from the exchange surfaces.

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5
Q

Describe the structure of the trachea

A

The trachea is a wide tube that is supported by incomplete rings of strong, flexible cartilage (they are incomplete so that food can pass down the oesophagus just behind it). This structure stops the trachea from collapsing.

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6
Q

Whatch this if you need help

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7
Q

Why is the trachea lined with ciliated epithelium with goblet cells between and below them?

A

To stop dust and microorganisms that have escaped the nose lining from entering the lungs

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8
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

Goblet cells secrete mucus onto the lining of the trachea.

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9
Q

What do ciliated epitheal do?

A

The cilia beat and move the mucus (thats trapped the dirt and microorganisms) away from the lungs.

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10
Q

where does the mucus go?

A

Most of the mucus goes into the throught which is then swallowed and digested.

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11
Q

What is one of the effects of smoking on breathing?

A

Cigarette smoke stops the cilia from beating.

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12
Q

What does the trachea divide into?

A

The left and right bronchus (plural is bronchi).

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13
Q

Describe the structure of the bronchus

A

They are similar in structure to the trachea (they have the same rings of cartilage). However, they are smaller.

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14
Q

What do the bronchi divide into?

A

many small bronchioles

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15
Q

How large are the bronchioles?

A

their diameter is 1mm or less.

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16
Q

Do the bronchioles have have cartilage rings?

A
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17
Q

Describe the structure of the bronchioles

A

The bronchioles have no cartilage rings. The walls contain smooth muscle. The bronchiole are also lined with a thin layer of flattened epithelium tissue, making some gaseous exchange possible.

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18
Q

How do the bronchiole control the amount of air reaching the lungs?

A

The smooth muscle in the bronchiole contracts which constricts the bronchiole and relaxes which dilates the bronchiole. This changes the amount of air reaching the lungs.

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19
Q

What are located at the end of the bronchiole?

A

Alveoli

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20
Q

What are the alveoli made from?

A

Tiny sacs consisting of a layer of flat, thin epithelial cells, along with some collagen and elastic fibres.

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21
Q

How large are the alveoli?

A

200-300µm in diameter.

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22
Q

What do the elastic tissues allow the alveoli to do?

A

Allows them to stretch as air enters the lungs. The eleastic also pulls them to there resting size which helps squeeze the air out. This is known as elastic recoil of the lungs.

23
Q

Drawer the ciliated epithial cells and the goblet cells and annotate it.

A
24
Q

Drawer a diagram of the all the components of the breathing system and label them.

A
25
Q

Draw a diagram of the gaseous exchange in an alveolus

A

Check page 159

26
Q

What are the main adaptations of the alveoli for effective gaseous exchange?

A
  • large surface are
  • thin layers
  • good blood supply
  • good ventilation
27
Q

How many alveoli are there per adult lung?

A

300-500 million

28
Q

How thick are the walls of the alveoli and capillaries?

A

one epithial cell thick.

29
Q

How does a good blood supply near the alveoli allow for a steep concentration gradient?

A

The blood, supplied by a network of around 280 capillaries, travels near the alveoli; dropping of carbon dioxide and taking oxygen away from the lungs. This leaves a steep concentration gradient for both gases in the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries.

30
Q

How does good ventilation in the alveoli allow for efficient gas exchange?

A

Breathing moves air in and out of the alveoli, which helps maintian a steep diffusion gradient for both oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air in the lungs

31
Q

What is the inner surface of the alveoli covered in?

A

A thin layer of a solution of water, salts and lung surfacant.

32
Q

What does the lung surfacant in the alveoli do?

A

It allows for the alveoli to remain inflated

33
Q

What does the oxygen do before diffusing into the blood?

A

The oxygen, that’s in the alveoli, dissolves in water before diffusing into the blood stream.

34
Q

However, some water is lost in the alveoli. How?

A

Some water can also evaporate into the air in the alveoli.

(several adaptations of the human exchange system are to reduce this water loss).

35
Q

What is it called when air moves in and out of the lungs via breathing movements?

A

Ventilation

36
Q

simply put, how is air moved in and out of the lungs?

A

Via pressure changes in the thorax (chest cavity)

37
Q

What does the rib cage provide?

A

A sime-rigid case whithin which pressure can be lowered with respects to the air outside it.

38
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

The diaphram is a broad, domed sheet of muscle, which forms the floor of the thorax (chest cavity).

39
Q

Where are the external and internal intercostal muscles found?

A

Between the lining of the lungs ans ribs

40
Q

What are between the intercostal muscle and the ribs?

A

The pleural membrane. Of which the plural cavity is filled with a thin layer of lubricating fluid so the membranes slide easily over each other as you breath.

41
Q

Is inpiration an energy-using process or a passive process?

A

Energy-using process

42
Q

Describe the process of insperation

A
  1. The diaphram contracts, flattening and lowering.
  2. The external intercostal muscles contract which move the ribs upwards and outwards.
  3. The volume of the thorax increases
  4. As a result the pressure of the thorax is reduced (The pressure of the thorax is lower than the atmospheric air.
  5. Air is drawn into the lungs in order to equalise the pressure inside and outside the chest.

(whatch form 5 mins) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHZsvBdUC2I

43
Q

Draw a diagram for inspiration

A
44
Q

Is expiration an energy-using process or a passive process?

A

Passive process

45
Q

Describe the process of expiration

A
  1. The muscles of the diaphragm relax so that it moves back to it’s resting arch shape.
  2. The external intercostal muscles relax so that the ribs move down and inwards under gravity.
  3. The elastic fibres in the alveoli return to their normal shape.
  4. As a result the volume of the thorax decreases.
  5. The pressure inside the thorax is greater than the pressure of the atmospheric air.
  6. The air in the lungs rushes out until the pressure inside and outside of the lungs is equal.

(Watch from 5 mins) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHZsvBdUC2I

46
Q

Draw a diagram for the process of expiration

A
47
Q

How can you exhale forcibly?

A

By using energy, you can force the internal muscles to contract, which would pull the ribs down hard and fast. The abdominal muscles contract forcing the diaphragm up to increase the pressure in the lungs rapidly.

48
Q

What are the airways of asthma sufferers sensitive to?

A

House dust mites, cigarette smoke, pollen and stress.

49
Q

What happens to the body during an asthma attack?

A

The cells lining the bronchioles release histamines, chemicals that make the epithelial cells become inflamed and swollen. Histomines stimulate the goblet cells to make excess mucus, and the smooth muscles in the bronchiole walls to contract.

As a result the airways narrow and fill with mucus, making it hard to breathe.

50
Q

What are the two main ways of treating asthma?

A
  • Relievers
  • Preventers
51
Q

How do relievers releave the symptoms of asthma?

A

They are chemicals similar to the hormone adrenaline.

They attach to active sites on the surface membranes of smooth cells in the bronchioles, making them relax and dilate the airways.

52
Q

What are preventers?

A

Preventers are often steriods, which are taken everyday to reduce the sensitivity of the lining of the airways.

53
Q

Video explaining asthma

Biology OCR (7, exchange surfaces and breathing) (4 decks)

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