The Lymphoid System and Immune Respones

Question 1

Lymph

Answer 1

the fluid flowing through lymphatic vessels and other structures of the lymphoid system

Question 2

Lymphatic capillaries

Answer 2

the smallest lymphatic vessels, are found with blood capillaries in almost every tissue of the body

Question 3

Lymphatic vessels

Answer 3

similar to veins in that smaller lymphatic vessels deliver lymph to larger lymphatic vessels as lymph flows toward the subclavian veins

Question 4

Lymphatic trunks

Answer 4

deliver lymph into one of two lymphatic ducts

Question 5

Right lymphatic duct

Answer 5

receives lymph from the right upper limb, right side of the thoracic cavity, and right side of head and neck and delivers lymph into right subclavian vein

Question 6

Thoracic duct

Answer 6

begins at the cisterna chyli, which lies anterior to the second lumbar vertebra

Question 7

Primary lymphoid organs

Answer 7

structures in which B cells and T cells become immunocompetent, meaning they become capable of an immune response. The primary lymphoid organs are the red bone marrow and thymus

Question 8

Secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 8

where they initiate immune responses to foreign antigens

Question 9

Red bone marrow

Answer 9

the site at which B cells form and become immunocompetent

Question 10

Thymus

Answer 10

the site at which T cells become immunocompetent

Question 11

Spleen

Answer 11

the largest secondary lymphoid organ in adults

Question 12

Fibrous capsule

Answer 12

spleen surrounded by it

Question 13

Splenic helium

Answer 13

splenic artery and vein enter and exit at a small, medial indentation, called the

Question 14

White pulp

Answer 14

composed of splenic lymphoid nodules surrounding arteriole. The site of immune responses to and phagocytosis of other antigens within the blood

Question 15

Red pulp

Answer 15

composed of blood-filled sinusoids and splenic cords. The red pulp is where old RBCs and platelets are filtered out of the blood and phagocytized

Question 16

Lymph nodes

Answer 16

form clusters around lymphatic vessels

Question 17

Cortex

Answer 17

contains lymphoid nodules

Question 18

Medulla

Answer 18

contains medullary cords composed of reticular fibers, lymphocytes, and microphages

Question 19

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs)

Answer 19

lymphoid nodules located within the connective tissue of mucous membranes.

Question 20

Tonsils

Answer 20

strategically positioned within the pharynx to protect the body against from inhaled and ingested pathogens

Question 21

Pharyngeal tonsil

Answer 21

positioned posterior to the nasal cavity

Question 22

Palatine tonsils

Answer 22

located in the posterolateral walls of the oral cavity

Question 23

Lingual tonsils

Answer 23

located at the base of the tongue

Question 24

Aggregated lymphoid nodules

Answer 24

located within the wall of the distal small intestine

Question 25

Appendix

Answer 25

extends from the cecum

Question 26

Nonspecific defenses

Answer 26

present from birth and do not discriminate among different threats to the body

Question 27

Immune responses

Answer 27

develop with age, primarily through exposure and other disease-causing agents

Question 28

First line of defense

Answer 28

designed to keep pathogens and disease-causing agents from entering body tissues

Question 29

Second line of defense

Answer 29

defends the body against pathogens and disease-causing agents that have successfully entered body tissues

Question 30

Interferons

Answer 30

protective proteins produced by virus-infected cells that cause healthy cells to produce antiviral proteins

Question 31

Complement

Answer 31

promotes phagocytosis, inflammation, and cytolysis (rupturing) of infected cells

Question 32

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

Answer 32

type of lymphocyte involved in nonspecific defense

Question 33

Inflammation

Answer 33

swelling of an infected or damaged tissue that limits the spread of infection and promotes tissue repair and debris removal

Question 34

Fever

Answer 34

an elevation of body temperature above the homeostatic value that helps to limit pathogen growth and intensify the effects of the body’s other defensive mechanisms

Question 35

Third line of defense

Answer 35

consists of the immune responses initiated by T cells and B cells in response to foreign antigens

Question 36

Cytotoxic T cells

Answer 36

responsible for attacking abnormal cells with foreign antigens in their plasma membranes, which is why this form of immunity is referred to as cell-mediated immunity

Question 37

Helper T cells

Answer 37

promote the action of T cells and most B cells

Question 38

Suppressor T cells

Answer 38

believed to play a role in limiting the activity of T cells and B cells

Question 39

T memory cells

Answer 39

remain in the secondary lymphoid organs after exposure to a foreign antigen

Question 40

Plasma cells

Answer 40

When activated, B cells also divide rapidly, forming a clone of similar cells. Some of the clone differentiate into plasma cells

Question 41

Antibodies

Answer 41

produced by plasma cells that have the ability to bind to the foreign antigen

Question 42

Antibody-mediated immunity

Answer 42

antibody deactivates the antigen and marks it for destruction

Question 43

Memory B cells

Answer 43

same purpose as T cells