the lungs & the pleura Flashcards
what does the left pleural cavity contain?
the left lung
what does the right pleural cavity contain?
the right lung
what does the mediastinum contain?
the trachea, the heart, the oesophagus, blood vessels & nerves
in which weeks does the respiratory system begin to develop?
4-6 weeks
what layer does the respiratory system develop from?
the endoderm layer
what forms from endodermal out pouches?
lung buds & bronchial buds
what are the 2 layers of pleura surrounding the lungs?
the visceral pleura & the parietal pleura
where does the visceral pleura attach?
connects to the parietal pleura & the hilum/root of the lung
where is the parietal pleura found?
it lines the internal aspect of the thoracic wall
what are the 4 parts that the parietal pleura is divided into?
- costal
- mediastinal
- diaphragmatic
- cervical
what is the pleural cavity?
the space between the 2 layers of pleura
what does the pleural cavity contain?
serous fluid
what holds the lungs against the thoracic wall?
the surface tension of the serous fluid
what are the 4 parietal pleural innervations?
- cervical: 1st intercostal nerve
- costal: intercostal nerves
- mediastinal: phrenic nerve
- diaphragmatic: lower intercostals & phrenic nerves
what is the visceral pleural innervation?
autonomic (sympathetic & parasympathetic) form pulmonary plexuses
how many lobes does the left & right lung have?
left: 2 lobes
right: 3 lobes
what fissure is present in the left lung?
oblique fissure
what fissure is present in the right lung?
horizontal & oblique fissure
what are the lobes in the left lung?
superior & inferior
what are the lobes in the right lung?
superior, middle & inferior
what are the 3 surfaces of the lungs?
costal, mediastinal & diaphragmatic
what are the 3 borders of the lungs?
anterior, inferior & posterior
where do the left arteries branch from?
descending aorta
where do the right arteries branch from?
intercostal arteries
where do bronchial veins terminate?
in the azygos system of veins
where does the innervation of the lungs come from?
the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
where is the innervation of the sympathetic nervous system & what happens to bronchial musculature & pulmonary vasculature?
- sympathetic trunk
- bronchial musculature: dilates
- pulmonary vasculature: constricts
where is the innervation of the parasympathetic nervous system & what happens to bronchial musculature & pulmonary vasculature?
- from vagus
- bronchial musculature: constricts
- pulmonary vasculature: dilates
what is the order of the respiratory tree?
trachea –> primary (main) bronchi –> secondary (lobar) bronchi –> tertiary (segmental) bronchi –> bronchioles (termninal/respiratory) –> alveorlar sacs –> alveoli
where does the trachea run from & to?
C6 to T4/5
what is the name of the cartilage that separates the 2 main bronchi when they bifurcate?
the carina
where does the trachea bifurcate?
the sternal angle
what lines the trachea?
mucous membrane & cilia
where do the primary bronchi pass into the lungs?
the hilum/root of the lung
what is the difference between the left & right bronchus?
main right bronchus is wider, shorter & runs more vertically
how many secondary bronchi are in each lung?
3 in right lung & 2 in left
what does each tertiary bronchi supply?
a bronchopulmonary segment
how many bronchopulmonary segments are there in the left & right lung?
10 in right lung & 8-10 in left lung
what are the 2 cell types in alveoli?
- type 1 pneumocytes (95%)
- type 2 pneumocytes (5%)
what do type 2 pneumocytes do?
secrete pulmonary surfactant
where is the visceral pleura found?
lines the lungs
