Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy 3 > The Lower Limb > Flashcards

The Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What vessels provide superficial venous drainage of the lower limb? What drains into them?

A

Great saphenous vein (medially, anterior to medial malleous) and short saphenous vein (laterally, posterior to lateral malleous). They drain the dorsal venous arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where do the superficial veins terminate?

A

Great saphenous terminates in the femoral vein, the short saphenous terminates in the popilteal vein. They both originate in the dorsal venous arch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the pattern of venous blood flow? How is this achievend?

A

Venous flow is superficial to deep. Achieved by valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What structural defect causes varicose veins?

A

Valves that ensure the unidirectional flow of blood from superficial to deep become damaged allowing the blood to flow back to the surface and pool in painful varicosities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the fascia lata?

A

The deep fascia of the thigh. It extends to the calf.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of the tensor fascia lata and into what does it attach? Innervation?

A

The tensor fascia lata functions in tensing the fascia lata (specifically the ilotibial tract) and is also an internal rotator of the hip. It has a role in knee extension. It extends from the lateral aspect of the iliac crest to the lateral tibial condyle.

It is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve (L4, L5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name a medial deficiency in the fascia lata. What covers it?

A

The saphenous opening, covered by cribriform fascia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What structures come off the fascia lata and pass inward towards the femur?

A

Intermuscular septae. Lateral separates anterior from posterior, medial separates anterior from medial.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ANTERIOR thigh: the muscles in each compartment, the blood supply to the compartment and the nerve supply to each compartment - and any exceptions!

A

Anterior compartment: sartorius, iliacus, psoas major, pectineus, quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vasti lateralis, intermedius and medialis).

They are all innervated by the femoral nerve except for the psoas major (lumbar plexus); Pectineus MAY be obturator (adducts & flexes thigh)

supplied by femoral artery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

POSTERIOR thigh: the muscles in each compartment, the blood supply to the compartment and the nerve supply to each compartment - and any exceptions!

A

Posterior compartment: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, adductor magnus (hamstring portion).

They are all innervated by the tibial division of the sciatic nerve except for the short head of the biceps (peroneal division of sciatic);

supplied by perforating branch of profunda femoris and inferior gluteal artery

EXTEND HIP & FLEX THE KNEE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

MEDIAL thigh: the muscles in each compartment, the blood supply to the compartment and the nerve supply to each compartment - and any exceptions!

A

Medial compartment: gracilis, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus (adductor portion), obturator internus.

They are all innervated by the obturator nerve. The adductor magnus hamstring portion is inn. by sciatic.

Supplied by perforating branch of profunda femoris and the obturator artery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ANTERIOR LEG: the muscles in each compartment, the blood supply to the compartment and the nerve supply to each compartment - and any exceptions!

A

Anterior compartment: tibialis anterior, ext. digitorum longus, peronius tertius, ext. hallucis longus, ext. digitorum brevis.

They are all innervated by the deep fibular (peroneal) n.

Blood supply is anterior tibial artery (from popliteal, continued as dorsalis pedis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

LATERAL LEG: the muscles in each compartment, the blood supply to the compartment and the nerve supply to each compartment - and any exceptions!

A

Lateral compartment: peroneus longus and brevis.

Both innervated by the supfericial peroneal n. and

supplied with blood by the peroneal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

POSTERIOR LEG: the muscles in each compartment, the blood supply to the compartment and the nerve supply to each compartment - and any exceptions!

A

Posterior compartment: superficial group = gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus. Deep group = popliteus, fl. digitorum longus, fl. hallucis longus, and tibialis posterior.

They are all innervated by the tibial nerve.

Blood supply is via the posterior tibial and peroneal aa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List the FIRST layer of the foot, the muscles in each layer, the blood supply to the layer and the nerve supply to each layer - and any exceptions!

A

First layer: abductor hallucis, fl. digitorum brevis, and abductor digiti minimi.

All innervated by the medial plantar nerve except the abductor digiti minimi (lateral plantar n.)

supplied with blood by the medial and lateral plantar aa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List the SECOND layer of the foot, the muscles in each layer, the blood supply to the layer and the nerve supply to each layer - and any exceptions!

A

Second layer: quadratus plantae and 4 lumbricals.

Quadratus and lumbicals 2-4 innervated by the lateral plantar n.

The 1st lumbical is via the medial plantar nerve

supplied with blood by the medial and lateral plantar aa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

List the THIRD layer of the foot, the muscles in each layer, the blood supply to the layer and the nerve supply to each layer - and any exceptions!

A

Third layer: fl. hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis and fl. digiti minimi.

All innervated by the lateral plantar n. except the fl. hallucis brevis (medial plantar n.)

supplied with blood by the medial and lateral plantar aa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

List the FOURTH layer of the foot, the muscles in each layer, the blood supply to the layer and the nerve supply to each layer - and any exceptions!

A

Fourth layer: interossei.

All innervated by the lateral plantar n.

supplied with blood by the medial and lateral plantar aa.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the general action(s) for each compartment? Are there any exceptions?I

A

Ignore this objective for the FOOT only. ??

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the hamstring muscles?

A

Two-joint muscles of the posterior compartment taking origin from the ischial tuberosity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the significance of their two-joint span?

A

They extend the hip and flex the knee.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What supplies the hamstrings with motor innervation? blood?

A

The sciatic nerve innervates the hamstrings while they receive blood from the perforating br. of profunda femoris artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

List the boundaries (margins) of the popliteal fossa.

A 
Upper lateral: biceps femoris
Upper medial: semimembranosus
Lower lateral & medial: gastrocnemius
Floor - popliteus.
Roof: Deep fascia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the major contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

The popliteal artery & vein, genicular aa., small saphenous v., common peroneal (fibular) and tibial nn., popliteus m.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

List the boundaries of the femoral triangle

A

Lateral: sartorius
Medial: adductor longus
Roof: fascia lata & cribriform fascia
Base: inguinal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What muscles comprise the floor of the femoral triangle?

A

The pectineus and iliopsoas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Give the order of structures passing under the inguinal ligament from lateral to medial.

A

NAVEL: femoral nerve, artery, vein, empty space, lymphatic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the clinical significance of the E (empty space)?

A

Femoral herniaes (peritoneum) protrude here. This is called the femoral canal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which of these components are enclosed in the femoral sheath?

A

Primarily the femoral artery and vein although the empty space (femoral canal) and the lymphatic vessel are also enclosed. The femoral nerve is NOT a component within the sheath.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

From what tissue does the femoral sheath arise in the abdominal wall?

A

The fascia transversalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What other structure(s) passes into the thigh under the inguinal ligament?

A

The iliopsoas m., lateral femoral cutaneous n., and pectineus m.

32
Q

Be able to label a diagram of the branching of the femoral artery as it passes down through the thigh.

A

IMPORTANT. Diagrams on page 277 and 290.

33
Q

When does the external iliac a. become the femoral a.?

A

When it passes under the inguinal ligament.

34
Q

When does the femoral a. become the popliteal a.?

A

When it passes through the adductor hiatus into the popliteal fossa.

35
Q

What are the terminal br. of the popliteal a.?

A

The anterior and posterior tibial aa.

36
Q

Which major vessel supplies blood to the gluteal region?

A

The internal iliac a. (via the superior & inferior gluteal aa.).

37
Q

Which major vessel supplies blood to the lower limb?

A

The femoral artery.

38
Q

What is the first large branch off the femoral a.?

A

The profunda femoris artery. (deep femoral artery)

39
Q

What is meant by perforating branch?

A

They pass back into the posterior compartment of the thigh.

40
Q

What compartments are supplied by the deep femoral a. and its perforating br.?

A

The posterior compartment of the thigh.

41
Q

In the region of the hip and upper thigh, list the various anastomoses that may be exhibited and the vessels that would contribute to each.

A

The cruciate anastomosis involves lateral & medial circumflex femoral aa., superior & inferior gluteal aa., perforating branches of the profunda femoris.

42
Q

Which vessel(s) contribute to the plantar arch?

A

The lateral plantar artery and dorsalis pedis artery.

43
Q

Which vessel(s) contribute to the arcuate artery on the dorsum of the foot?

A

The dorsalis pedis a. off the anterior tibial artery.

44
Q

Which vessel(s) give off the major digital supply in the foot?

A

Plantar arch

45
Q

Name the major superficial veins of the lower limb.

A

Short and long (great) saphenous veins.

46
Q

To what structure do the superficial veins lie superficial?

A

The deep fascia.

47
Q

With what do perforating veins communicate?

A

The deep veins of lower limb.

48
Q

What is their clinical significance in varicose veins?

A

The valves facilitating superficial. to deep venous flow are damaged and blood pools superficially.

49
Q

Which nerves supply cutaneous innervation to the dorsum of the foot?

A

Deep fibular (peroneal) n. (skin between great & 2nd toe)
Superficial peroneal n. ( majority of dorsum)
Sural n. (lateral pinky toe)
Saphenous n. (superior medial portion)

50
Q

What structure(s) keep the extensor tendons from bowstringing?

A

The superior and inferior extensor retinaculae. Made of crural fascia

51
Q

Which vessel(s) supply the dorsum of the foot?

A

The anterior tibial artery via the dorsalis pedis artery.

52
Q

Know the various muscle layers of the foot and the structures seen in each layer.

A

First: adbuctor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, abductor digiti minimi;

Second: quadratus plantae, lumbricals, tendons of long flexors;

Third: flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis (transverse & oblique heads) flexor digiti minimi;

Fourth: plantar and dorsal intereossei.

53
Q

What functional type of synovial joint is the hip joint?

A

A ball and socket/multiaxial synovial joint.

54
Q

Name 3 ligaments that strengthen the capsule of the hip joint.

A

The pubofemoral, ischiofemoral and iliofemoral ligaments.

55
Q

Which of these 3 ligaments is the strongest and most important?

A

The iliofemoral

56
Q

Where is the ligament of the head of the femur?

A

Within the joint capsule running from the floor of the acetabulum to a pit in the head of the femur.

57
Q

What is the nerve supply to the hip joint? the arterial supply?

A

Innervation: primarily the femoral and obturator nerves; Blood supply: the medial and lateral circumflex femoral, superior and inferior gluteal aa.

58
Q

What are the anterior, posterior, inferior and superior relationships of the hip joint?

A

Anterior: muscles of the femoral triangle - pectineus, iliopsoas, and rectus femoris as well as the femoral artery and nerve

posterior: the short lateral rotators of the hip (piriformis, obturator internus, sup/inf gemelli and quadratus femoris) and sciatic nerve
inferior: tendon of the obturator externus
superior: gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus.

59
Q

What functional type of synovial joint is the knee joint?

A

Condylar/hinge type of synovial joint.

60
Q

The capsule of the knee joint is defective anteriorly and communicates with what synovial-lined sac?

A

The suprapatellar bursa.

61
Q

What other bursae are found in this region?

A

Prepatellar, deep infrapatellar, and subcutaneous infrapatellar bursae.

62
Q

What does a posterior defect allow to enter the joint?

A

The popliteus muscle.

63
Q

What structures assist in guiding the articulation of the knee joint and are found within the synovial cavity?

A

The menisci.

64
Q

What are these intra-articular structures composed of?

A

Fibrocartilage.

65
Q

Which of these intra-articular structures is attached to a collateral ligament?

A

The medial meniscus.

66
Q

Name two other ligaments found within the synovial cavity.

A

There are NONE. The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments are NOT within the synovial cavity (they are within the joint capsule but ly outside the synovial membrane).

67
Q

What is the blood supply to the knee joint? sensory innervation?

A

Blood supply: genicular branches of the popliteal artery; innervation: sciatic, femoral and obturator nerves.

68
Q

What functional type of synovial joint is the ankle (talocrural) joint?

A

Hinge-type synovial joint.

69
Q

Which of the ligaments is thick and fan-shaped?

A

The deltoid (medial).

70
Q

What is the superior attachment of this fan-shaped ligament?

A

The medial malleolus.

71
Q

What are the three distinct bands of the lateral ankle ligament?

A

The anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments as well as the calcaneofibular ligament.

72
Q

What nerves innervate the ankle joint?

A

The tibial and deep peroneal nerves.

73
Q

The common fibular nerve lies under what tendon?

A

The tendon of the biceps femoris m.

74
Q

To what does the rectus femoris attach? why is this different, what does this mean?

A

to the AIIS of the hip, the other 3 quadriceps femoris mm arise from the femur. it is a 2 joint muscle that will extend the knee AND flex the thigh

75
Q

The four muscle bellies of the quad fuse at the ___ above the ____ and ___ below

A

quadriceps tendon
patella
patellar ligament

76
Q

Classify the obturator externus

A

Associated with the medial thigh compartment, inn by obturator nerve, lateral rotator of the thigh and stabilizer of the hip

77
Q

Where is crural fascia found? Where is it thickest?

A

In the leg. Thickest in the anterior compartment of the leg, can lead to compartment syndrome

Anatomy 3 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions