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The Living World Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the extra ordinary habitats where we find living organisms?

A

Cold mountains, deciduous forests, oceans, fresh water lakes, deserts or hot springs.

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2
Q

What are the factors that evokes us to wonder about life in it’s complete actuality?

A

The ecological conflict and cooperation among members of a population and among populations of a community or even the molecular traffic inside a cell.

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3
Q

What are the unique features that come to our mind as soon as we think of living features?

A

Growth, Reproduction, Ability to sense environment and mount a suitable response.
Metabolism, ability to self replicate, self organise, interact and emergence.

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4
Q

All living organisms_____________________ (pg. 3)

A

GROW

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5
Q

What are the twin characteristics of growth?

A

Increase in mass and Increase in number of individuals

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6
Q

A multicellular organism grows by __________________

A

cell division

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7
Q

How is cell division different in plants than that of animals?

A

In plants, the growth of cell division occurs continuously through out their life span. IN animals, this growth is seen only up to a certain age.

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8
Q

How does cell division occur in certain tissue?

A

Cell division occurs in certain tissues of animal in order to replace lost cell.

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9
Q

How does unicellular organisms grow?

A

Cell division

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10
Q

How can one observe the fact that unicellular organisms grow by cell division?

A

In “in vitro” cultures by simply counting the number of cells under the microscope.

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11
Q

In majority of higher plants and animals, ___________________ and _____________________ are mutually exclusive events.

A

Growth , reproduction

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12
Q

What can be considered as growth?

A

Increase in body mass.

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13
Q

How do non-living things grow?

A

Increase in body mass is a criterion for growth. Non-living objects also grow if we take increase in body mass as a criterion for growth. Mountains, boulders and sand mounds do grow.

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14
Q

How is growth in living and non living things different?

A

Growth exhibited by non living things are nothing but accumulation of materials on the surface while while the growth in living things is from inside.

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15
Q

Why can’t we take growth as a definite property of living organism?

A

Increase in body mass is considered as growth. Non living objects also grow if we take increase in body mass as a criterion for growth. mountains, boulders and sand mounds do grow. However this kind of growth exhibited by non living objects is by accumulation of material on the surface. In living organisms, growth is from inside. GROWTH THEREFORE CANNOT BE TAKEN as a definite property of living organisms.
Conditions under which it can be observed in all living organisms have to be explained and then we can understand that it is a characterisitic of living systems.

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16
Q

A death organism can still grow. State true or false

A

False.

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17
Q

___________________________, likewise, is a characteristic of living organisms.

A

Reproduction

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18
Q

What does reproduction refers to in multicellular organisms?

A

In multicellular organisms, reproduction refers to the production of progeny possessing features more or less similar to those of parents. INVARIABLY and IMPLICITLY we refer to sexual reproduction.

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19
Q

Organisms reproduce by _______________________ means also.

A

Asexual

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20
Q

How do fungi multiply and spread?

A

Fungi multiply and spread easily due to the millions of asexual spores they produce.

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21
Q

Fungi reproduce through______________________

A

Asexual spores

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22
Q

In lower organisms like yeast and hydra we observe_________________

A

Budding

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23
Q

In Planaria, we observe_________________________

A

True regeneration.

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24
Q

What do you understand by “TRUE REGENERATION”?

A

A fragmented organism regenerates the lost part of its body and becomes, a new organism.

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25
Q

The fungi, The filamentous algae, the protonema of mosses, all easily multiply by by ______________________

A

Fragmentation.

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26
Q

when it comes to unicellular organisms reproduction is synonymous to _________________________

A

Growth

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27
Q

Why is reproduction synonymous to growth in unicellular organism?

A

BECAUSE both are increase in number of cells.

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28
Q

Growth is equivalent to what?

A

Growth is equivalent to increase in cell number or mass. Hence, we notice that in single celled organisms we are not very clear about the usage of these two terms- growth and reproduction.

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29
Q

Name some animals that cannot reproduce.

A

Mules , sterile worker bees, infertile human couples, etc.

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30
Q

Why can reproduction not be an inclusive definig characteristic of living organism?

A
  1. in unicellular organisms both reproduction and growth are synonymous to each other
  2. there are many living organisms that don’t reproduce.
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31
Q

No non-living object is capable of ________________________ or __________________________ itself

A

Reproducing, replicating

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32
Q

After growth and reproduction what is the other characteristic of life?

A

METABOLISM

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33
Q

All living organisms are made of ____________________________.

A

chemicals.

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34
Q

What are “chemical reactions” or “metabolic reactions”?

A

All living things are made out of chemicals. These chemicals, small, and big belonging to various classes, sizes , functions, etc., are constantly being made and changed into some other biomolecules. These conversions are chemical reactions or metabolic molecules

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35
Q

There are _____________________ of metabolic reactions occurring simultaneously inside all living organisms, be they unicellular or multicellular.

A

Thousands

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36
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum total of the chemical reactions occurring in our body is metabolism.

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37
Q

______________ non living object exhibits metabolism.

A

No

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38
Q

Can metabolic reactions be demonstrated outside the body in cell free systems? If yes, are they really living?

A

Yes, it’s true that metabolic reactions can be demonstrated outside the body in cell free systems. An isolated metabolic reaction(s) outside the body of an organism, performed in a test tube is neither living nor non-living.

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39
Q

How come metabolism is a defining feature of all living organism when isolated metabolic reactions are neither living nor non living?

A

Metabolism is a defining feature of all living organisms without exception, because isolated metabolic reactions in vitro are not living things but surely living reactions.

40
Q

______________________ of the body is the defining feature of life forms.

A

Cellular organisation.

41
Q

What is the most obvious and technically complicated feature of all living organisms ?

A

The most obvious and technically complicated feature of all living organisms is the ability to sense their surroundings or environment and respond to these environmental stimuli which could be physical, chemical or biological.

42
Q

How do we sense our environment?

A

Through our sense organs

43
Q

Plants respond to ________________________________________ like light, water, temperature, other organisms, pollutants, etc.

A

External factors

44
Q

Can all organisms respond to environmental cues?

A

All animals from the prokaryotes to the most complex eukaryotes can respond to environmental cues.

45
Q

” All organisms are AWARE of their surroundings”. How?

A

All organisms handle chemicals entering their bodies. Hence all organisms are “aware” of their surroundings.

46
Q

Humans are the only organisms who are __________________ of himself, i.e., has _____________________.

A

himself, self conciousness.

47
Q

Other than cellular organisation name another defining property of living organisms?

A

Consciousness.

48
Q

Why is it difficult to define the living state in humans?

A

When it comes to human beings it is all the more difficult to define the living state. We observe patients lying in coma in hospitals virtually supported by machines which replace heart and lungs . The ptient is otherwise braindead. The patient has otherwise no self-concious.

49
Q

All living phenomena are due to _____________________________ interactions

A

Underlying

50
Q

How does the property of a tissue arise?

A

Properties of tissues are not present in the constituent cells but arise as a result of interactions among the constituent cells.

51
Q

Where does the properties of cellular organelles arise from?

A

Properties of cellular organelles are not present in the molecular constituents of the organelle but arise as a result of interactions among the molecular components comprising the organelle.as

52
Q

Interactions among the constituent cells give rise to the properties of tissues. These kind of interactions give rise to what kind of properties?

A

emergent

53
Q

Define living organisms.

A

Living organisms are self replicating, evolving and self regulating interactive systems capable of responding to external stimuli.

54
Q

What is biology?

A
  1. It’s the story of life on earth
  2. It’s the story of evolution of living organisms on earth
55
Q

All living organisms- present, past, and future are linked to one another by the sharing of common _________________ material but to varying _________________________.

A

GENETIC, DEGREES

56
Q

If we increase the area that we make observations in, the range and variety of organisms that we see would _______________

A

Increase.

57
Q

Each different kind of plant, animal or organism that we see, represents a _____________________.

A

Species.

58
Q

How many species are known and described?

A

Range between 1.7-1.8 million

59
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

If we look around we will see a large variety of living organisms, be it potted plants, insects, birds, our pets or other animals and plants. There are several organisms that we cannot see with our naked eye but they are all around us. If we were to increase the area that we make observations in, the range and variety of organisms that we see would increase. Obviously, if we were to visit a dense forest, we would probably see a much greater number and kinds of living organisms in it. Each different kinds of plant, animal or organism that we see, represents a species. The number of species that are known and described range between 1.7-1.8 million. This refers to BIODIVERSITY or the number and types of organisms present on earth.

60
Q

As we explore the new areas and even the old ones what we should we remember?

A

That new organisms are continuously being identified.

61
Q

There are _______________________ of plants and animals present on the Earth.

A

Millions

62
Q

Does local names of animals vary?

A

Yeah quite so, from place to place, even within a country.

63
Q

Why is there a need to standardise the naming of living organisms such that a particular is known by the same name all over the world?

A

There are millions of plants and animals in the world; we know the plants and animals in our own area by their local names. These local nams would vary from place to place, even within a country. Probably we would recognise the confusion that would be created if we did not find ways and means to talk to each other, to refer to organisms we are talk about. Hence, there’s a need to standardise the naming of living organisms such that a particular organism is known by the same name all over the world. This process is called nomenclature.

64
Q

When is nomenclature only possible?

A

Nomenclature or naming is only possible when the organism is described correctly and we know to what organism the name is attached to. This is identification.

65
Q

What is identification?

A

Nomenclature or naming is only possible when the organism is described correctly and we know to what organism the name is attached to. This is identification.

66
Q

What is identification?

A

Nomenclature or naming is only possible when the organism is described correctly and we know to what organism the name is attached to. This is identification.

67
Q

For plants, the scientific names are based on agreed principles and criteria, which are provided in ________________________________________________.

A

International Code for Botanical Nomenclature. (ICBN)

68
Q

Animal Taxonomists have evolved _________________________________________.

A

International Code Of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN).

69
Q

What does the scientific names ensure?

A

Scientific names ensure that each organism has only one name.

70
Q

What does the description of any organism should enable the people? Mention what do they also ensure.

A

Description of any organism should enable the people in any part of the world, to arrive at the same name. They also ensure that such a name has not been used for any other known organism.

71
Q

Scientific names have two components- the _________________________________ and the _____________________________.

A

Generic name , the specific epithet

72
Q

Define Binomial Nomenclature.

A

Biologists follow universally accepted principles to provide scientific names to known organisms. Each name has two components- the generic name and the specific epithet. This system of providing a name with two components is called Binomial Nomenclature.

73
Q

Who gave the naming system of Binomial nomenclature?

A

Carolus Linnaeus.

74
Q

What is the scientific name of mango?

A

Mangifera Indica.

75
Q

Mangifera represents ____________________ while indica is a particular _______________ or a ______________________________.

A

genus, species , specific epithet

76
Q

Mention the universal rules of nomenclature.

A
  1. Biological names are generally in Latin and written in italics. They are Latinised or derived from Latin irrespective of their origin.
  2. The first word in a biological name represents the genus while the second component denotes the specific epithet.
  3. Both the words in a biological name, when handwritten are sperately underlined , or printed in italics to indicate their Latin origin.
  4. The first word denoting the genus starts with a capital letter while the specific epithet starts with a small letter. It can be illustrated with the example Mangifera indica.
77
Q

Name of the author appears when? Explain with an example.

A

Name of the author appears after the specific epithet, i.e., at the end of the biological name and is written in an abbreviated form, e.g., Mangifera indica Linn. It indicates that this species was first described by Linnaeus.

78
Q

Mangifera indica as a species was described by whom first?

A

Linnaeus

79
Q

What is classification?

A

Since it is nearly impossible to study all the living organisms, it is necessary to devise some means to make this possible. This process is classification. Classification is the process by which anything is grouped into convenient categories based on some easily observable characters.

80
Q

Dogs, cats, mammals, wheat, rice, plants , animals, etc., are convinient categories we use to study organisms. The scientific term for these categories is __________________________.

A

Taxa.

81
Q

What is taxa?

A

Dogs, Cats, Mammals, Wheat, Rice, Plants, Animals, etc., are convinient categories we use to study organisms. The scientific term for these categories is taxa. It is to be recognised that taxa can indicate categories at very different levels. For example- Plants also form a taxa. Wheat is also a taxa. Similarly, animals, mammals, dogs are all taxa - but we know that a dog is a mammal and mammals are animals. Therefore, animals, mammals, and dogs represent taxa at different levels.

82
Q

What is taxanomy?

A

Based on characteristics all living organisms can be classified into different taxa. This process of classification is taxonomy.

83
Q

List the factors that form the basisi of modern taxonomic studies.

A

1.External structure.
2.Internal structure.
3.The structure of cell.
4.Development process
5.Ecological information of organisms

84
Q

What are the processes that are basic to taxonomy?

A
  1. Characterisation
  2. Identification
  3. Classification
  4. Nomenclature
85
Q

The earliest classifications were based on what?

A

In early days, human beings needed to find sources for their basic needs of food, clothing and shelter. Hence the earliest classifications were based on the uses of various organisms.

86
Q

What is “Systematics” ?

A

Human beings were, since long, not only interested in knowing more about different kinds of organisms and their diversities, but also the relationships among them. This branch of study was referred to as systematics. The word systematics is derived from the Latin word ‘systema’ which means systematic arrangement of organisms.

87
Q

From did the word systematics derive from?

A

The word systematics is derived from the Latin word ‘systema’ which means systematic arrangement of organisms.

88
Q

Linnaeus used ______________________ as the title of his publication

A

Systema Naturae

89
Q

How was the scope of systematics later enlarged?

A

The scope of systematics was later enlarged to include identification, nomenclature and classification. Systematics takes into account evolutionary relationships between organisms.

90
Q

What do you understand by the word “Classification”?

A

Classification is not a single step process but involves hierarchy of steps in which each step represents a rank or category.

91
Q

Explain taxonomic category.

A

Classification is not a single step process but involves hierarchy of steps in which each step represents a rank or category. Since the category is a part of overall taxonomic arrangement, it is called the taxonomic category and all categories together constitutes the taxonomic hierarchy.

92
Q

What is taxon?

A

Each category, referred to as a unit of classification, in fact, represents a rank and is commonly termed as taxon. (pl.: taxa)

93
Q

A taxonomic category is also called ______________________________.

A

Taxon.

94
Q

Explain Taxonomic categories and hierarchy with example.

A

Insects represent a group of organisms sharing common features like three pairs of jointed legs. It means insects are recognisable concrete objects which can be classified and thus were given a rank or category. Groups represent category. Category further denotes rank. Each rank or taxon, in fact, represents a unit of classification. These taxonomic groups/ categories are distinc biological entities and not merely morphological aggregates.

95
Q

Taxonomical studies of all known organisms have led to the development of common categories such as what?

A

kingdom, phylum or division (for plants), class, order, family, genus and species.

96
Q

All organisms, including those in the plant and animal kingdoms have _______________ as the lowest category.

A

species

97
Q

How to place an organism in various categories?

A

The basic requirement is knowledge of characters of an individual or group of organisms. This helps in identifying similarities and dissimilarities among the individuals of the same kind of organisms as well as of other kinds of organisms.

Biology (4 decks)

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