The Liver as a Storage Organ

Question 1

3 Molecules that the Liver stores

Answer 1

Ferritin
Vitamins
Blood clotting factors

Question 2

What is ferritin?

Answer 2

Iron storage molecule

Question 3

Structure of Ferritin?
How many iron atoms can it hold?

Answer 3

Large spherical protein, made up of 24 subunits
Can contain up to 5000 atoms of iron

Question 4

What is the concentration of ferritin directly proportional to?

Answer 4

Total iron stores in the body

Question 5

Ferritin excess disorder

Answer 5

hereditary haemochromatosis

Question 6

3 non-iron overload disorders?

Answer 6

Liver disease
Malignancies
Tissue destruction

Question 7

What can Ferritin deficiency lead to?

Answer 7

Anaemia

Question 8

What does ferritin less than 20 micrograms/L and 12 micrograms/L indicate?

Answer 8

20- depletion
12- absence of stored iron

Question 9

Which vitamins are Water soluble?

Answer 9

B an C

Question 10

Which vitamins are Fat soluble?

Answer 10

A, D, E and K

Question 11

What is the name for Vitamin A

Answer 11

Retinol

Question 12

How do Humans absorb Vitamin A?

Answer 12

Directly through retinols in meat
Produce retinol from vegetables containing Carotenoids

Question 13

Requirement of Vitamin A per day (Men and Woman)

Answer 13

0.6 mg/day men
0.7 mg/day women

Question 14

What are the 4 functions of vitamin A?

Answer 14

Vision
Reproduction
Growth
Stabilisation of cellular membranes

Question 15

What are two Vitamin A deficiency diseases?

Answer 15

Xeropthalmia and nightblindness

Question 16

7 Acute symptoms of excess vitamin A

Answer 16

Abdominal pain
Nasuea
vomiting
severe headaches
Dizziness
Sluggishness
Irritability

Question 17

What are 6 Symptoms of Chronic Vitamin C excess?

Answer 17

Joint and bone pain
Hair loss
Dryness of lips
Anorexia
Weight loss
Hepatomegaly (Liver enlargement)

Question 18

3 functions of vitamin D

Answer 18

Increased intestinal absorption of calcium
Resorption and formation of bone
reduced renal excretion of calcium

Question 19

What does deficiency of Vitamin D cause

Answer 19

Demineralisation of bone

Question 20

Where is vitamin C found?(3)

Answer 20

Oils
Green leafy vegetables
Carrots

Question 21

What two cell types is Vitamin E stored in?

Answer 21

Liver and plasma
Adipose cells

Question 22

Function of vitamin E

Answer 22

Antioxidant

Question 23

RDA (Recommended daily allowance) of Vitamin E in men and women?

Answer 23

Men- 4mg/day
Woman- 3mg/day

Question 24

3 ways Vitamin E deficiencies are caused?

Answer 24

Fat malabsorption
Premature infants
Rare congenital defects in fat metabolism

Question 25

Is Vitamin E safe in excess?

Answer 25

yes

Question 26

What two molecules carry Vitamin K from the Liver to the plasma?

Answer 26

VLDL (Very low density lipoproteins) LDL (Low density lipoproteins)

Question 27

What are 4 Sources of Vitamin K?

Answer 27

Phylloquinone- K1 Menaquinone- K2 Menadione- K3 Menadiol- K4

Question 28

How is Vitamin K1 & K2 synthesised?

Answer 28

K1- Synthesised by plants K2- Synthesised in humans by intestinal bacteria

Question 29

Functions of Vitamin K? What are the plasma clotting factors it is responsible for producing?

Answer 29

Activation of blood clotting factors Liver synthesis of Plasma clotting factors: II, VII, IX, X

Question 30

How much Vitamin C do adults need per day?

Answer 30

40 mg/day

Question 31

What are 3 functions of Vitamin C?

Answer 31

Collagen synthesis Antioxidant Iron absorption

Question 32

What is a deficiency in Vitamin C called? What are three symptoms of this disease?

Answer 32

Scurvy Symptoms- Easy bruising and bleeding, teeth and gum disease and hair loss

Question 33

How much is excess Vitamin C? What can it cause?

Answer 33

>1g/day GI side effects

Question 34

What two proteins does Vitamin B12 bind to? What are the functions of the proteins in the process?

Answer 34

R proteins- protects it from stomach acid Intrinsic factor- allows it to be absorped in terminal ileum

Question 35

Where is Vitamin B12 stored?

Answer 35

In the Liver

Question 36

Two active forms of Vitamin B12?

Answer 36

Methycobalamin 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin

Question 37

3 caused of Vitamin B12 deficiency?

Answer 37

Pernicious anaemia Malabsorption Veganism

Question 38

What are two Symptoms of Vitamin B12 Deficiency?

Answer 38

Macrocytic anaemia Peripheral neuropathy

Question 39

What is Vitamin B9 also known as?

Answer 39

Folate

Question 40

What are three functions of Folate?

Answer 40

Coenzyme in methylation reactions DNA synthesis Synthesis of Methionine and homocysteine

Question 41

What are Three causes of Folate Deficiency?

Answer 41

Malabsorption Drugs that affect folic acid metabolism Disease that increase cell turnover

Question 42

What are 3 symptoms of Folate deficiency?

Answer 42

High homocysteine levels Macrocytic anaemia Foetal development abnormalities (neural tube defects)

Question 43

What is Macrocytic anaemia?

Answer 43

Abnormally large Erythrocytes being produced by Bone marrow

Question 44

What 6 clotting factors are produced in the liver?

Answer 44

I (Fibrinogen) II (Prothrombin) IV V VI VII