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Liver > The Liver as a Storage Organ > Flashcards

The Liver as a Storage Organ Flashcards

1
Q

3 Molecules that the Liver stores

A

Ferritin
Vitamins
Blood clotting factors

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2
Q

What is ferritin?

A

Iron storage molecule

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3
Q

Structure of Ferritin?
How many iron atoms can it hold?

A

Large spherical protein, made up of 24 subunits
Can contain up to 5000 atoms of iron

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4
Q

What is the concentration of ferritin directly proportional to?

A

Total iron stores in the body

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5
Q

Ferritin excess disorder

A

hereditary haemochromatosis

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6
Q

3 non-iron overload disorders?

A

Liver disease
Malignancies
Tissue destruction

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7
Q

What can Ferritin deficiency lead to?

A

Anaemia

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8
Q

What does ferritin less than 20 micrograms/L and 12 micrograms/L indicate?

A

20- depletion
12- absence of stored iron

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9
Q

Which vitamins are Water soluble?

A

B an C

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10
Q

Which vitamins are Fat soluble?

A

A, D, E and K

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11
Q

What is the name for Vitamin A

A

Retinol

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12
Q

How do Humans absorb Vitamin A?

A

Directly through retinols in meat
Produce retinol from vegetables containing Carotenoids

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13
Q

Requirement of Vitamin A per day (Men and Woman)

A

0.6 mg/day men
0.7 mg/day women

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14
Q

What are the 4 functions of vitamin A?

A

Vision
Reproduction
Growth
Stabilisation of cellular membranes

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15
Q

What are two Vitamin A deficiency diseases?

A

Xeropthalmia and nightblindness

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16
Q

7 Acute symptoms of excess vitamin A

A

Abdominal pain
Nasuea
vomiting
severe headaches
Dizziness
Sluggishness
Irritability

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17
Q

What are 6 Symptoms of Chronic Vitamin C excess?

A

Joint and bone pain
Hair loss
Dryness of lips
Anorexia
Weight loss
Hepatomegaly (Liver enlargement)

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18
Q

3 functions of vitamin D

A

Increased intestinal absorption of calcium
Resorption and formation of bone
reduced renal excretion of calcium

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19
Q

What does deficiency of Vitamin D cause

A

Demineralisation of bone

20
Q

Where is vitamin C found?(3)

A

Oils
Green leafy vegetables
Carrots

21
Q

What two cell types is Vitamin E stored in?

A

Liver and plasma
Adipose cells

22
Q

Function of vitamin E

A

Antioxidant

23
Q

RDA (Recommended daily allowance) of Vitamin E in men and women?

A

Men- 4mg/day
Woman- 3mg/day

24
Q

3 ways Vitamin E deficiencies are caused?

A

Fat malabsorption
Premature infants
Rare congenital defects in fat metabolism

25
Q

Is Vitamin E safe in excess?

26
Q

What two molecules carry Vitamin K from the Liver to the plasma?

A

VLDL (Very low density lipoproteins)
LDL (Low density lipoproteins)

27
Q

What are 4 Sources of Vitamin K?

A

Phylloquinone- K1
Menaquinone- K2
Menadione- K3
Menadiol- K4

28
Q

How is Vitamin K1 & K2 synthesised?

A

K1- Synthesised by plants
K2- Synthesised in humans by intestinal bacteria

29
Q

Functions of Vitamin K?
What are the plasma clotting factors it is responsible for producing?

A

Activation of blood clotting factors
Liver synthesis of Plasma clotting factors: II, VII, IX, X

30
Q

How much Vitamin C do adults need per day?

31
Q

What are 3 functions of Vitamin C?

A

Collagen synthesis
Antioxidant
Iron absorption

32
Q

What is a deficiency in Vitamin C called?
What are three symptoms of this disease?

A

Scurvy
Symptoms- Easy bruising and bleeding, teeth and gum disease and hair loss

33
Q

How much is excess Vitamin C? What can it cause?

A

> 1g/day
GI side effects

34
Q

What two proteins does Vitamin B12 bind to? What are the functions of the proteins in the process?

A

R proteins- protects it from stomach acid
Intrinsic factor- allows it to be absorped in terminal ileum

35
Q

Where is Vitamin B12 stored?

A

In the Liver

36
Q

Two active forms of Vitamin B12?

A

Methycobalamin
5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin

37
Q

3 caused of Vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Pernicious anaemia
Malabsorption
Veganism

38
Q

What are two Symptoms of Vitamin B12 Deficiency?

A

Macrocytic anaemia
Peripheral neuropathy

39
Q

What is Vitamin B9 also known as?

40
Q

What are three functions of Folate?

A

Coenzyme in methylation reactions
DNA synthesis
Synthesis of Methionine and homocysteine

41
Q

What are Three causes of Folate Deficiency?

A

Malabsorption
Drugs that affect folic acid metabolism
Disease that increase cell turnover

42
Q

What are 3 symptoms of Folate deficiency?

A

High homocysteine levels
Macrocytic anaemia
Foetal development abnormalities (neural tube defects)

43
Q

What is Macrocytic anaemia?

A

Abnormally large Erythrocytes being produced by Bone marrow

44
Q

What 6 clotting factors are produced in the liver?

A

I (Fibrinogen)
II (Prothrombin)
IV
V
VI
VII

Liver (4 decks)

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