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Module 5.2 Excretion > The Liver > Flashcards

The Liver Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 roles of the liver

A

1) blood glucose regulation
2) bile drainage
3) blood circulation and filtration
4) detoxification (drugs, alcohol and hydrogen peroxide)
5) synthesis and storage of amino acids acids, proteins, vitamins and fats
6) control lipid levels

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2
Q

What is the liver linked to

A

1) the intestine
2) gall bladder

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3
Q

Why does the liver need to be linked to the intestine

A

So waste products can be taken to the liver for detoxification

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4
Q

Why does the liver need to be linked to the gall bladder

A

To take the bile out of the liver

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5
Q

Which storage molecules is required for glucose storage

A

Glycogen

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6
Q

What are the 4 vessels within the liver

A

1)hepatic vein (central vein)
2) hepatic artery
3) hepatic portal vein
4) bile duct

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7
Q

What if the function of the hepatic artery

A

-brings oxygenated blood into the liver from the aorta
-aerobic respiration

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8
Q

What is the function of the hepatic portal vein

A

-brings deoxygenated blood from the digestive system
-has products of digestion and toxic substances and concentrations get adjusted

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9
Q

What are the functions of the hepatic vein

A

-where blood leaves the liver
-rejoins vena cava for normal circulation

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10
Q

What is the function of the bile duct

A

-bile secreted and carried to gall bladder to be stored until needed for emulsification of fats in the small intestine
-contains excretory products released in faces

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11
Q

What are lobes

A

The sectioning of the liver into left and right lobe

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12
Q

What are lobules

A

-small cylindrical sections within each of the lobes
-they have their own blood supply and are structures to maximise the number of cells in contact with this blood

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13
Q

What are cells in the liver called

A

Hepatocytes

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14
Q

What is a feature of hepatocytes

A

A dense cytoplasm

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15
Q

What are the 8 parts of the liver

A

1) Hepatic vein
2) Sinusoid
3) Bile Canaliculus
4) Bile duct
5) Hepatic portal vein
6) Hepatic artery
7) Hepatocytes (liver cell)
8) Kupffer cell

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16
Q

What part of the liver is an intra-lobular vessel

A

Hepatic vein

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17
Q

What parts of the liver are inter-lobular vessels

A

1) Bile duct
2) Hepatic portal vein
3) Hepatic artery

18
Q

What are sinusoids

A

Channels that carry blood between rows of cells where blood from the hepatic vein and hepatic artery mixes

19
Q

What are the kupffer cells

A

Macrophages that break down old red blood cells and release bilirubin

20
Q

What function do bile canaliculus have

A

Carries bile which the hepatocytes secretes and drains into the bile ductules

21
Q

What is the average mass of protein an adult needs per day

A

40-60g

22
Q

What is the problem with consuming too much protein

A

Too much protein means that your body cannot store the amino acids (in the protein) because of the toxicity of their amine group

23
Q

How does the liver solve the problem of not being able to store amino acids

A

By converting the amino-acids to urea to be excreted in a two step process

24
Q

What is the overall equation of the conversion of amino acids

A

Amino acids ——> Ammonia ——> Urea
^ ^
| |
Deamination Urea formation

25
Q

Explain the first step of the conversion of amino-acids

A

1) Deamination

Amino acid + oxygen ——> Keto-acid + Ammonia
^
|
Enters respiration

26
Q

Why are amino acids not directly excreted

A

-as they contain a large amount of energy

27
Q

Why is ammonia still converted and what is it converted to

A

-as it is still highly soluble and very toxic
-is converted to urea which is less toxic

28
Q

What is the cycle that ammonia is converted in called

A

The Ornithine cycle

29
Q

Describe the second step of the two step process in the conversion of amino acid

A

urea formation:

1) CO2 + NH3 is added to ornithine which produces H2O and citrulline
2) NH3 is added to citrulline which produces H2O and arginine
3) H2O is added to arginine which produces urea
4) this urea goes to the kidney to be excreted

30
Q

What substances does the liver detoxify

A

1) drugs consumed
2) hydrogen peroxide (which is produced in cells)
3) alcohol

31
Q

How does the liver detoxify drugs

A

-A group of enzymes Cytochrome P450 break down drugs such as cocaine as well as medical drugs

32
Q

How does the liver detoxify Hydrogen peroxide (produced in cells)

A

-catalase (enzyme) converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen to prevent the build up of toxic molecules in cells

33
Q

Why does the liver have to detoxify alcohol

A

-as it contains ethanol ( a drug) that suppresses nerve activity

34
Q

When detoxified how can ethanol be used

A

-To produce energy for respiration

35
Q

Explain how alcohol is detoxified

A

REDOX reaction:
Ethanol= oxidised
NAD= reduced

1) ethanol is oxidised to form ethanal, using the enzyme ethanol dehydrogenase and NAD is reduced in the process (using the H+ ion form ethanol)
2) ethanal is oxidised to form ethanoic acid (ethanoate) (acetate), using the enzymes ethanal dehydrogenase and NAD is reduced in the process (using the H+ ion from the ethanal )

36
Q

What is the detoxification of alcohol called

A

Redox reaction
-ethanol is oxidised
-NAD is reduced

37
Q

What is NAD also needed for

A

To oxidise and break down fatty acids to use in respiration

38
Q

What is the problem with drinking too much alcohol and what could it cause

A

-the liver has to detoxify too much alcohol so it uses all its stored NAD so there is not enough NAD left to break down the fatty acids
- the fatty acids will then be converted back to lipids and gets stored in the hepatocytes causing an enlarged fatty liver and possible hepatitis/cirrhosis

39
Q

What does intra-lobular mean

A

Within a lobule

40
Q

What does inter-lobular mean

A

Between lobules

41
Q

In what organelle does the ornithine cycle take place in

A

Mitochondria

Module 5.2 Excretion (2 decks)

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