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Lithosphere + > The Lithosphere > Flashcards

The Lithosphere Flashcards

1
Q

Are there minerals in the lithosphere?

A

Yes

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2
Q

What are minerals(organic/inorganic etc.)?

A

Inorganic substances, that come from the Earth and not from living things

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3
Q

What are minerals made up of?

A

1 or several types of atoms

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4
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

The hard shell of the Earth, consisting of the crust and the top most part of the upper mantle (Magma)

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5
Q

What is mining used for?

A

To extract and locate minerals

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6
Q

How do we extract minerals?

A

Mining to locate and extract minerals

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7
Q

Describe mines and their negative effects.

A

mines - drilling

deforestation/habitat destruction

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8
Q

Describe mineral deposits

A

If mineral found at the surface of the lithosphere, ore can be collected then separated

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9
Q

What is ore?

A

the rock and the mineral

raw material - heterogeneous mixture

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10
Q

how much ore is needed to produce 6g pure gold?

A

5 000 000g

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11
Q

can impacts of mining be seen from outer space?

A

yes

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12
Q

How is soil created?

A

Through the process of erosion of the parent rock (solid part of Earth’s crust)

This process will create different layers of soil, called soil horizons

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13
Q

What are soil horizons?

A

The different layers of soil

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14
Q

Describe organic matter

A

Contains humus (decomposing plant/animal residue)

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15
Q

Describe topsoil

A

Mix of humus and minerals

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16
Q

Describe subsoil

A

Small minerals and trees get nutrients from this layer

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17
Q

Describe fragmented parent rock

A

Made of disintegration of parent rock

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18
Q

Describe unaltered parent rock

A

Starting point of soil

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19
Q

What is the order of the soil horizons (top to bottom)

A
  • organic matter
  • topsoil
  • subsoil
  • fragmented parent rock
  • unaltered parent rock
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20
Q

What are decomposers in the dirt important for?

A

dirt + CHEMICAL RECYCLING

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21
Q

Soil has the ability to do what (related to pH)?

A

Soil has the ability to limit (act as a buffer between) pH variations

22
Q

What does soil need to support plant life?

A
  • Enough minerals
  • Enough moisture
  • A pH level appropriate for the types of producers (in most cases pH 7 is optimal)
23
Q

What type of soil is better at resisting changes in its pH when acidic or alkaline compounds are added to it?

A

The finer the soil, the better the ability it has to resist changes in its pH when acidic or alkaline compounds are added to it

24
Q

What alters soil and how?

A
  • Oxidation: more O2, good for decomposers
  • Neutralization: pollution->atmosphere->acid rain
  • Decomposition
  • Contaminants
25
Q

How does acid rain affect soil? What are the consequences of this?

A

Acid rain will often acidify soil with low buffering capacity

This destroys nutrients and kills decomposers needed for nutrient recycling

26
Q

What does acid rain come from?

A

Emission of SOx and NOx

27
Q

How does the use of pesticides affect soil?

A

The use of pesticides can get into soil and disrupt the natural cycle of nature

(not imited to soil, can affect the food chain directly)

28
Q

What is permafrost?

A

A layer of permanently frozen soil (has been 0 C or lower for over two years)

29
Q

How much land does permafrost make up?

A

More than 50% of Canada’s land (cold areas + high altitudes)

30
Q

Name the negative consequences of permafrost thawing.

A
  • Loss of infrastructure
  • Landslides
  • Release of stored carbon as CH4, a powerful greenhouse gas contributing to global warming acceleration
31
Q

Name the positive consequences of permafrost thawing.

A

Increase of vegetation (but ecological succession takes 150+ years)

32
Q

Describe the advantages of fossil fuels (energy resource)

A

Low cost

Transportable

33
Q

Describe the disadvantages of fossil fuels (energy resource)

A 
More GHG
More global warming
Deforestation
Habitat loss
Oil spills
Non-renewable
Pollutants (acid rain)
34
Q

What are the types of fossil fuels?

A

Natural gas
Petroleum
Tar sands
Coal

35
Q

Are fossil fuels renewable or non-renewable?

A

Non-renewable

36
Q

How much energy in the world is produced by fossil fuels?

A

2/3 of the world’s electricity

37
Q

How is oil and natural gas formed?

A

They are formed by small marine animals and algae that died and sank to the bottom of the sea a long time ago. They were then covered with silt, sand, and minerals

38
Q

How is coal formed?

A

It is formed from the terrestrial swamps being buried and compressed by silt and sand

39
Q

What does the combustion of fossil fuels emit?

A

Emits by-products such as CO2 and CH4 (GHG) also emits SO2 and NOx (responsible for acid rain)

40
Q

Which fossil fuel is the worst for the environment?

A

Tar sands

41
Q

Describe how energy is produced in nuclear energy

A

Energy is produced by atomic fission mainly Uranium (opposite of fusion)

42
Q

What must be done with nuclear waste?

A

Nuclear waste must be isolated from our ecosystem for at least 100 000 years before it deteriorates due to natural radioactivity

43
Q

Describe uranium/nuclear energy

A
  • Uranium is the main form of nuclear energy which is used
  • A handful of uranium can produce the same amount of energy as 7 tons of coal
  • The main problem with uranium is the radioactive waste and how to dispose of it
  • Waste is usually cooled in huge pools and buried in former mines or in concrete pits
44
Q

Name the advantages of uranium/nuclear energy

A
  • can build a plant anywhere

- energy efficient

45
Q

Name the disadvantages of uranium/nuclear energy

A
  • radioactive waste (cancer causing)
46
Q

Describe geothermal energy

A
  • formed from the internal heat of the Earth’s molten rock (volcanic)
  • water is circulated deep underground which will be heated by lava and rise back to the surface which will be transformed into electrical energy or used directly to heat
  • Useful if molten rock is located near the surface of the earth like volcanic regions
47
Q

Describe the advantages of geothermal energy

A

Renewable

48
Q

Describe the disadvantages of geothermal energy

A
  • location dependent: need volcanic activity
49
Q

REVIEW

A

.

50
Q

Where are minerals found?

A

In the lithosphere

Lithosphere + (2 decks)

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