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GRADE10 #7 > The Lithosphere > Flashcards

The Lithosphere Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the lithosphere?

A

The hard shell of the Earth, (crust and the top of the upper mantle).

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2
Q

What does the lithosphere contain?

A

Minerals.

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3
Q

What are minerals and where do they come from?

A

They’re inorganic substances, (not living) that come from the Earth.

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of minerals?

A
  1. Idiochromatic

2. Allochromatic

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5
Q

What is idiochromatic?

A

If rubbed across unglazed porcelain, it will leave a dark coloured streak, (might make a different colour than the mineral).

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6
Q

What is allochromatic?

A

If rubbed across unglazed porcelain, it will leave a light coloured streak, regardless of the mineral colour.

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7
Q

What’s the mineral classification?

A

1.Transparent to 2.Translucent to 3.Opaque

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8
Q

What does translucent mean?

A

Light passes through at some places.

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9
Q

What’s hardness?

A

Resistance to being scratched.

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10
Q

What do we use to locate and extract minerals?

A

Mining.

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11
Q

What is ore?

A

Rock and mineral.

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12
Q

What is soil created through?

A

The process of erosion of the parent rock.

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13
Q

What are soil horizons?

A

Layers of soil.

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14
Q

Classify the different soil horizons in order from the grass to the inner part of the soil.

A
  1. Organic materials
  2. Top Soil
  3. Subsoil
  4. Weathered or decomposed rock
  5. Solid rock
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15
Q

What’s organic materials/matter?

A

It contains humus, (decomposing plant/animal residue)

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16
Q

What’s topsoil?

A

A mix of humus and minerals.

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17
Q

What’s subsoil?

A

Small minerals, (trees get nutrients from this layer).

18
Q

What’s weathered or decomposed rock/fragmented parent rock?

A

Disintegrated parent rock

19
Q

What’s solid rock/unaltered parent rock?

A

The starting point of soil.

20
Q

What 4 things alter soil?

A
  1. Oxidation, (decomposers/worms)
  2. Neutralization
  3. Decomposition
  4. Contaminants
21
Q

SOIL BUFFERING CAPACITY: What is soil able to limit?

A

pH variations

22
Q

SOIL BUFFERING CAPACITY: What 3 things does soil need to support plant life?

A
  1. Enough minerals
  2. Enough moisture
  3. An appropriate pH level, (usually 7) for the types of producers
23
Q

SOIL BUFFERING CAPACITY: What happens when the soil is finer/filtered?

A

It has a higher resistance to changes in the pH when acids and bases are added to it.

24
Q

Where does acid rain come from?

A

From emission SOx and NOx.

25
Q

What will often acidify soil with low buffering capacity? And why?

A

Acid rain because it destroys nutrients and kills decomposers which are needed for nutrient recycling.

26
Q

What’s permafrost?

A

A layer of permanently frosted soil, (has been 0 degrees Celsius or lower for over 2 years).

27
Q

What are 3 consequences of permafrost thawing?

A
  1. Loss of infrastructure
  2. Landslides
  3. Release of stored carbon as CO2, (contributes to global warming!!!)
28
Q

What are 3 energy resources?

A
  1. Fossil Fuels
  2. Plutonium, (Uranium/Nuclear Energy)
  3. Geothermal Energy
29
Q

How much of the world’s electricity is produced by fossil fuels?

A

2/3

30
Q

How are oil and natural gas formed?

A

Small marine animals and dead algae that were covered with silt, sand, and minerals.

31
Q

How is coal formed?

A

It’s formed by terrestrial swamps being buried, then were compressed by silt and sand.

32
Q

What advantage is there to fossil fuels?

A

Lots of energy

33
Q

What 2 disadvantages are there to fossil fuels?

A
  1. Polluting

2. Non renewable

34
Q

What energy emits from uranium?

A

Fission, (splitting the atoms)

35
Q

What advantage is there to plutonium?

A

It burns clear.

36
Q

What 2 disadvantages are there to plutonium?

A
  1. Non renewable

2. Waste is radioactive

37
Q

How is geothermal energy formed?

A

Water which is deep underground will heat from the Earth’s internal heat which will then raise the water back to the surface.

38
Q

What do we do with the heated water that raises to the surface?

A

We transform it into electrical energy or we use it directly to heat/

39
Q

What 2 advantages are there to geothermal energy?

A
  1. Renewable

2. Clean, (no pollutants/emissions)

40
Q

What 2 disadvantages are there to geothermal energy?

A
  1. Small disruption

2. Only useful if we have thermal/volcanic

GRADE10 #7 (3 decks)

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