The Life Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

Define molecular biology

A

the study of the formation, structure, and function of macromolecules that are essential for life

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2
Q

Define biochemistry

A

the study of chemical substances and processes in living organisms

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3
Q

What elements make up most of the chemical compounds in living organisms?

A

Oxygen (65%), carbon (18.5%), hydrogen (9.5%), nitrogen (3.3%), phosphorus (0.4%), sulfur (0.3%). Think of the acronym “SPONCH”.

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4
Q

What trace elements are required by organisms in small quantities?

A

Iron, iodine

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5
Q

Organic compounds are those that have…

A

carbon in them.

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6
Q

Inorganic compounds essential for life include…

A

Water, oxygen, salt

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7
Q

All organic macromolecules contain carbon such as

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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8
Q

Carbon is tetravalent which means that it can form…

A

up to 4 covalent bonds

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9
Q

All lipids are mostly composed of hydrogen and carbon and and are…

A

hydrophobic

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10
Q

The four primary types of lipids are…

A

fats, phospholipids, steroids, and wax

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11
Q

Fats store energy, provide insulation, and cushion vital organs. They are composed of glycerol connected to fatty acids. These fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated depending on…

A

the amount of hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

Phospholipids make up cell membranes. They are made of a…

A

glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate

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13
Q

Sterols, a subgroup of steroids, are important organic molecules, the most important of which is…

A

cholesterol

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14
Q

Hormones are steroids that act as…

A

messengers

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15
Q

Wax is a lipid that is typically used for…

A

structural protection ex. ear wax

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16
Q

Carbohydrates are sugars. They have the same ring shape as steroids but they have…

A

a hydroxyl (OH) group in the middle.

17
Q

The simplest sugars, monosaccharides, have a multiple of the formula CH2O. Glucose is..

A

C6H12O6

18
Q

Carbohydrates (look for -ose) provide the energy for cellular respiration. The carbons in carbohydrates can be used as raw materials to make…

A

amino acids and fatty acids

19
Q

Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined together by a covalent bond that was formed by a…

A

dehydration reaction (ex. sucrose)

20
Q

Polysaccharides are two or more monosaccharides joined together in the same way as disaccharides. Examples include…

A

cellulose (in plant cells), and glycogen (food reserves found in the liver)

21
Q

Oligosaccharides appear in…

A

cell membranes and can be used for cell to cell recognition

22
Q
A