The Lemon Tree/ Mid-East

Question 1

jihad

Answer 1

Def.: Arabic word for “struggle/strive”
Signif.:defined as “holy war” but not what it means
-armed fighting (outer Jihad) not as important as inner fighting (inner jihad)
-striving to be a devout Muslim
-used as a motivation for armed resistors

Question 2

Zionism

Answer 2

Definition:A political movement established by European Jews who wanted an independent Jewish state.
Signif.: targeted Palestine through support of the British
-Brought Jews into Israel, including Dalia’s family.

Question 3

partition plan

Answer 3

Def.:The British’s proposed division of Palestine into two independence states
Signif.: It caused tensions Palestinians and Jews, as well as between Palestinians and the British.

Question 4

Al-Ramla/ramla

Answer 4

Definition..: An originally Arab town on the coastal plain between Jerusalem and the Mediterranean Sea.

Significance: it has a lot of history regarding conflict between the Palestinians and the Ottoman Empire and British Mandate.

Question 5

United Nations

Answer 5

Definition: a union of countries formed after WW2, to protect against genocides and attempts towards world domination.

Significance: Was tasked w/ solving the conflict between Israel and Palestine, proposed a Partition Plan.

Question 6

Axis Powers

Answer 6

Definition: Countries aligned with Hitler during WW2, included Italy, France, Bulgaria, Japan+more.

Significance:Conquered nearly all of europe, responsible for holocaust, Bulgaria was an Axis power.

Question 7

Allied Powers

Answer 7

Definition: Countries United against Hitler during WW2, included USSR, USA, Britain, France

Signif.: Won WW2, eventually supported Zionism in Israel, set up refugee camps for displaced Palestinians during the war.

Question 8

Palestine

Answer 8

Definition: An area of land in the Middle East, that includes many holy sites in Jerusalem.
-Both Arabs and Jews lay claim to the land there, but Christianity also traces their roots there.
Signif.:
-it became a very disputed area of land because both Arabs and Jews believed it belonged to them, and wanted an independent state there.
-A Jewish state was eventually established in Palestine, while the Palestinians still have no independent state.

Question 9

West Bank

Answer 9

Definition: An area of Palestine close to Jordan that became a part of jordan after Israel’s Independence War, became occupied by Israel after the 6 day war in 1967.

Signif.: It is populated by many Palestinians who want a free independent state, after being under the British Mandate, King Abdullah’s kingdom, and Israeli occupation

Question 10

Jordan

Answer 10

Definition: An Arab kingdom bordering the West Bank of Israel ruled by King Abdullah.
Signif.: Abdullah wanted the West Bank as part of his kingdom, and Israel was divided between Jordan and the Zionists.

Question 11

Ghettos

Answer 11

Definition:an area of a city, especially a verypoor area, where people of a particular race or religion live closely together and apart from other people.

Signif.: Jews were put into ghettos during the holocaust in Europe, and Palestinians believed that they were put into Ghettos after war, confined into fenced in blocks. They were defined as “present absentees”

Question 12

Law of Return

Answer 12

Definition: A law passed by the Israeli Parliament that states that every Jew can be a citizen and live in Israel.

Signif.: Caused tension and bitterness in the arab world because they believe that it denied their own dreams of return. Jews saw it as a core aspect of their identity, and a safe haven.

Question 13

Gaza

Answer 13

Definition: A strip of land on the Mediterranean coast between Israel and Egypt’s Siniai Peninsula. It was controlled by Israel, and Egypt wanted to annex it.

Signif.:
-Many palestinians fled there after the Nakba.
-Egypt wanted to annex this strip of land, which led to the 6-day war.
-They failed, Israel occupied gaza and the sinai peninsula.

Question 14

1967/Six Day War

Answer 14

Def.: it was a war between Egypt and other Arab countries and Israel, in which the Arab countries tried to annex Gaza, the West Bank, and overthrow Israel.

Singificance:
-The Arabs failed, which became a source of bitterness afterwards.
-Palestinians were misinformed that the Arabs were winning during the war.
-Israel began occupying Gaza, the West Bank, Golan Heights, and the Sinai Peninsula after this war.

Question 15

Right of Return

Answer 15

definition: A UN resolution that stated that all Palestinians had the right to return to their property, and receive full compensation for damages, that was never put into motion.

Signif.:
-Became a source of bitterness and hope for palestinians who believe that they must reach this by any means necessary.

Question 16

PFLP

Answer 16

Definition: The PFLP (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine) was an independence movement for Palestine that believed in use of armed struggle to bring about change and the right of return.

Significance: It was an example of armed resistance, and attacked Israel’s national airport as well as other innocent people.

Question 17

Egypt

Answer 17

Def.: A country in the Middle East led by President Nasser, who wanted to control Gaza, the Suez Canal, and was anti-Israel.

Significance: Nasser had a plan for Arab unity that included the liberation of Palestine and the return of refugees, and waged war on Israel in 1967 for this reason.

Question 18

Itzak Rabin

Answer 18

Definition: Israel’s prime minister who, after opposing the idea of peace with Palestine, became open to it and got the country focused on making peace.

Signif.: He was murdered by an Israeli terrorist, which shocked the country of Israel, and dampened political attempts towards peace

Question 19

Israeli war of Independence/Nakba

Answer 19

Definition: The first Arab-Israeli war in 1948 that lead to the establishment of Israel and the expulsion of the Palestinians.

Signif.: was arguably the beginning of the israeli-Palestinian conflict, due to the expulsion of palestians.
-ended the british mandate

Question 20

the Intifada

Answer 20

Defin.: An Arab uprising that consisted of riots, acts of “armed resistance,” such as blowing up school busses.

Signif.:
-Lead to the founding of Hamas, the current governing group of palestine, and the most prominent group in terrorism/armed resistance.
-Portrayed for the first time Israel as the villain and Palestine as the victim.

Question 21

Terrorism vs. armed resistance

Answer 21

Definition: The actions of Palestinians in efforts of an uprising against the state of Israel, that involve using violence against innocent people.

Significance:
- It is very controversial whether or not this is considered terrorism (which is n action or threat designed to influence the government or intimidate the public,) or armed resistance ( any irregular armed force that rises up against an enforced or established authority, government, or administration.)
-Causes disputes between government, and Dalia and Bashir.

Question 22

Bulgaria

Answer 22

Definition: A country in Southern Europe that was part of the Axis Powers in Europe.
Significance: Dalia’s family was from there and they spared all of their jews during the holocaust.

Question 23

the Five Pillars

Answer 23

Definition: The basic standards of Islamic practice.
Include praying five times a day facing mecca, Alms (giving money for the poor), fasting during Ramadan, and Hajj, (pilgrimage to Mecca, and testifying to a statement of fate to become a muslim.
Signif.:
- Explains the challenges of being a Muslim and the devotion to Allah through these obstacles.

Question 24

Hebrews

Answer 24

Definition: An ancient people of the middle east that are the ancestors of Jews.

Significance:
-The first monotheistic religion, muslims and christians trace their ancestry to Jesus, Abraham, and his sons Isaac (judiasm and Ishmael (islam)
-Set up the Kingdom of Israel in Canaan, which was eventually conquered by the assyrians. Were exiled into the diaspora, and started communities all over the world

Question 25

Monotheism

Answer 25

Definition: Religions that believe in only one god. These include Christianity, Islam, and Judaism.

Significance:
-All these religions trace their roots back to Canaan and Jerusalem
-monotheistic religions are the most popular in the world

Question 26

Islam/muslim

Answer 26

Definition: A monotheistic religion that originated and is the most prominent religion in the middle east.
-Their god is called Allah.

Significance:
-The majority of the middle east is Muslim and Muslims have many contrasting views with other religions, which leads to tensions with Israel.
-There are many Muslim extremist groups which try to impose a strict type of Shari’a law
-

Answer 27

def.:A vast and culturally and economically advanced muslim empire developed by Turks between the fourteenth and twentieth centuries

Singificance:
-Palestine and Israel were part of the ottoman empire up until world war 1, when it was taken over by the British mandate.
-Led to many advancements in technology, medicine and art+literature in the House of Wisdom
-Spread Islam all over the Middle East.

Question 28

Ghazis

Answer 28

Definition: A Ghazi is a muslim warrior for Islam. They formed military societies, and followed a strict Islamic code of conduct.

Significance:
- Ghazis formed military societies in Palestine during hte days of the Ottoman Empire
-Many armed resistors of Israel belive that they are also warriors for Islam.
-A predecessor for terrorist groups such as ISIS, Al Qaeda, and Hamas.

Question 29

Janissary System

Answer 29

definition: Janissaries were an elite force of Islamic Ottoman soldiers in the Ottoman Empire that were originally from conquered christian territories.
-They were loyal only to the sultan.

Significance:
-example of the multinationalism and the advancedness of the ottoman empire

Question 30

Suleyman

Answer 30

Definition: Suleyman, also known as Suleyman the Lawgiver. He created a modern and just law code that perscribed penalties for criminal acts, injustices, and corruption in the govt.
-Created the Janissary system.
- He was also a superb military leader, Suleyman was a superb military leader. he conquered all of North Africa’s coastline, which allowed them to control important trade routes, the east mediterranean, and invaded europe.
-Allowed other religious community to live in the Ottoman Empire, which were known as millets.
- Nurtured the development of art and culture.

Signif.:
- Expanded the ottoman empire and Islam into North Africa and the far reaches of the middle east
-Created modern law systems that are still in use today
-Allowed Jews in Canaan to live under his regime.

Question 31

Allied Powers (WW1)

Answer 31

Definition: Allied powers was a coalition of countries that opposed the Central Powers (primarily Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire) during World War I. The Allies’ original members of greatest import were the British Empire, France, Italy and Russia.

Significance:
-They won the war and divided up colonies in the middle east, Africa, and Asia
- The British Mandate, which was and allied power became in control of Palestine.

Question 32

Central Powers

Answer 32

Definiton:the wartime military alliance of, notably Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire, that opposed the Allies in WW1.

Significance:

Question 33

Battle for Gallipoli

Answer 33

Definition:An attempt made by the Allies to knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war and take over the Dardanelles to open up access to the Black Sea.

Significance:
-Restored Ottoman Pride nad was an example of JIhad fighting, because the soldiers sacrificed themselves.
-The soldiers fought not only for themselves, but for god as well
Slowed down the Allies victory during WW1

Question 34

Trench Warfare

Answer 34

definition: A style of fighting during WW1 in which men on opposiing sides dug large holes in the ground and waited for the enemy to attack.

Singifance:
-made war seems not glorious anymore, de-romanticized it.
-made the war longer, and increased casualties.

Question 35

Treaty of Versailles

Answer 35

Definition: The Treaty of Versailles was a treaty ending WW2.

Signif.:
-The allies made germany take full responsibility for the war, and had to pay billions in reparations, which led to WW2
-Italy was dissatisfied with the land it gained from the treaty, so it switched to the Axis powers in WW2.
-The Treaty of Versailles divided the Ottoman Empire among the Allies, and Palestine came under the British Mandate

Question 36

Mandate system

Answer 36

definition: A system established at the Treaty of Versailles where the winning side took old parts of the Ottoman Empire and old German Colonies.

Signif.:
-The British acquired the land of Palestine, and they supported Zionism and the Jews’ war effort in the Israeli War of Independence

Question 37

Reparations

Answer 37

Definition: Money paid by the losing side of a war to the winners
Signif.: After WW1, Germany was forced to pay all the money to the Allies, which led to WW2

Question 38

Spiritual Resistance:

Answer 38

Definition:Spiritual resistance refers to the efforts of people to maintain their humanity and personal integrity in the face of dehumanization. It involved preserving Jewish Culture and education, as well as helping others and keeping themselves clean in the Concentration camps.

Significance:
-Helped strengthen Jews during the Holocaust and helped them survive
-Strengthened the idea of Zionism, which caused many Holocaust survivors to flee to Israel

Question 39

jerusalem

Answer 39

Definition: A city in Israel that contains holy sites for Christianity, Judaism, and Islam.

Significance:
-The Crusades wanted to conquer Jerusalem but they failed
-Both Palestinians and Israelis want control over Jerusalem, making it a very disputed place