The Learning Brain & Scientific Secrets for a Powerful Memory

Question 1

Learning is acquiring ____________ or behavioral responses from _______.

Answer 1

knowledge experience

Question 2

Memory is the ________ of learning that is stored in your _____.

Answer 2

record mind

Question 3

If we want to ________ our learning then we need to tailor our _________ _________ depending on the kind of information that we’re trying to learn.

Answer 3

optimize learning strategies

Question 4

_______ occurs when previous exposure to a stimulus facilitates your processing of similar stimuli in the future.

Answer 4

priming

Question 5

_______ memories are sometimes called declarative memories.

Answer 5

explicit

Question 6

__________ memories are memories that you can consciously bring to mind and describe verbally.

Answer 6

declarative

Question 7

_______ memories are memories that you can’t consciously recall but that nevertheless influence your subsequent behavior.

Answer 7

implicit

Question 8

An example of an implicit memory is knowing ___ __ ___ _ ____.

Answer 8

how to ride a bike

Question 9

During explicit learning, the ____ of information is what gets stored in the longterm memory, not the details.

Answer 9

gist

Question 10

We remember ______ information significantly better than verbal information.

Answer 10

visual

Question 11

Our memory for ______ is better than our memory for words and sentences.

Answer 11

pictures

Question 12

Memory for pictures you saw _ ____ ___ is similar to memory for words and sentences you just saw a few minutes ago.

Answer 12

a week ago

Question 13

A mental image’s _______ improves the memory.

Answer 13

vividness

Question 14

We have an _______ capacity in our memory.

Answer 14

unlimited

Question 15

We make ________ all the time and tend to remember the inferred information as if it actually happened.

Answer 15

inferences

Question 16

When we’re learning new information we tend to add it to the information that we’ve already got _____ ____.

Answer 16

stored away

Question 17

___ ________ __________ are highlighting, underlining, and rereading.

Answer 17

bad study techniques

Question 18

Highlighting and underlining possibly ______ your attention to isolated facts.

Answer 18

restrict

Question 19

Highlighting and underlining may make you _____ to make inferences you otherwise might make (not able to see the forest for the trees).

Answer 19

unable

Question 20

You shouldn’t highlight too much because you might not be good at highlighting helpful _____.

Answer 20

points

Question 21

_______ helps with fill in the blank and short answer testing but there is a lack of evidence that it actually improves comprehension or performance on inference-based questions.

Answer 21

rereading

Question 22

The ______ of rereading tail off quickly.

Answer 22

benefits

Question 23

Rereading something ____ helps but rereading more than that doesn’t help anything.

Answer 23

once

Question 24

Rereading gives students the mistaken impression that they’ve _______ the material.

Answer 24

mastered

Question 25

_________ information that you’ve recalled before is quite different from being able to recall the information.

Answer 25

recognizing

Question 26

Don’t let “_______” fool you into thinking you’ve mastered information.

Answer 26

familiarity

Question 27

Generating ______________ is _________ trying to come up with _____________ for why concepts are true or for how those concepts are related to what you already know.

Answer 27

explanations deliberately explanations

Question 28

An example of ________ an _______ would be if a chemistry chapter claimed that a compound is more reactive than some other compound, you might ask yourself “Why might that be?”

Answer 28

generating explanation

Question 29

Interleaved practice is mixing up ________ as you study.

Answer 29

topics

Question 30

An example of ________ _______ would be if you’ve got a bunch of algebra problems covering a variety of different topics then you could work on them in a random order.

Answer 30

interleaved practice

Question 31

______ practice is studying one topic until you master it and then move on to the next topic.

Answer 31

blocked

Question 32

Interleave practice was found to be more than __ __ ______ as blocked practice during testing a week after learning the material.

Answer 32

3x as effective

Question 33

________ practice and study is spreading out your studying over time with breaks or lags between study sessions.

Answer 33

distributed

Question 34

Students would be much better off studying all their subjects for a ___ _____ every day instead of always cramming for the next exam.

Answer 34

few minutes

Question 35

Cramming or procrastination scallop is not nearly as effective as ____________ ___________.

Answer 35

distributed practice

Question 36

_________ testing is a highly effective study technique that can consist of _____________, ______ _________, and question writing (coming up with a question for the note you just took).

Answer 36

consistent flashcards note taking

Question 37

Being _______ on a subject is much more effective than rereading or relistening to a lecture.

Answer 37

retested

Question 38

_____ ______ is converting explicit declarative knowledge into implicit procedural knowledge.

Answer 38

skill acquisition

Question 39

Skill acquisition means going from being a complete ______ at a skill to being _______ to the point that you can actually perform other tasks at the same time.

Answer 39

novice automated

Question 40

__________ are an example of explicit declarative knowledge.

Answer 40

instructions

Question 41

_______ memory is an example of implicit procedural skill.

Answer 41

muscle

Question 42

The most _____ _______ during skill acquisition will be made in the first few days and weeks of practice.

Answer 42

dramatic improvements

Question 43

It gets harder and harder to get ______ as you get more __________ at whatever you’re practicing.

Answer 43

better skilled

Question 44

During skill acquisition the rate of improvement _____ _____ over time.

Answer 44

slows down

Question 45

Stages of skill acquisition are cognitive, ________ and ________.

Answer 45

associative autonomous

Question 46

During the ______ stage you’re thinking a lot, committing things to memory, and rehearsing them while trying to perform the skill.

Answer 46

cognitive

Question 47

The cognitive stage requires _______ _______.

Answer 47

declarative knowledge

Question 48

The cognitive stage requires your complete ______ and ______.

Answer 48

focus attention

Question 49

During the _________ stage of skill acquisition, you’re ___________ out what works and what doesn’t to slowly get rid of actions that lead to errors.

Answer 49

associative figuring

Question 50

The associative stage requires _______.

Answer 50

feedback

Question 51

The ________ ________ is the point where you can perform the skill without even thinking about it.

Answer 51

autonomous stage

Question 52

To transform ____________ knowledge into a ____________ skill try using production rules.

Answer 52

declarative procedural

Question 53

_________ _____ are an automatic association between a set of conditions and a set of actions (If…then).

Answer 53

production rules

Question 54

Production rules are an _______ _______ (unconscious and implicit) between a set of conditions and a set of actions (If…then). If the conditions are satisfied, then perform the action.

Answer 54

automatic association

Question 55

________ _______ is when you compile your declarative knowledge and you’re turning it into procedural knowledge.

Answer 55

knowledge compilation

Question 56

_________ is taking a high level declarative description of what we want to do and then converting it into a form our motor system can actually execute. This is how a _____ is learned.

Answer 56

compilation skill

Question 57

The stages of knowledge compilation are __________ and _________.

Answer 57

proceduralization composition

Question 58

The _____________ _______ of knowledge compilation involves taking individual pieces of declarative knowledge, and converting them into individual pieces of procedural knowledge or production rules.

Answer 58

proceduralization stage

Question 59

The _______ _____ of knowledge compilation involves combining separate production rules together into a single, more complicated production rule.

Answer 59

composition stage

Question 60

An example of the composition stage is when you get good at tying your shoes you don’t do it piece by piece, instead you perform the whole skill as an integrated fluid set of motions.

Answer 60

TRUE

Question 61

Three key ideas about practice that have been scientifically demonstrated to be effective in the acquisition and longterm retention of skills is to ______, _______ and randomize (SCORE).

Answer 61

space challenge

Question 62

Longterm learning can be significantly improved by introducing changes that actually make short term performance harder rather than easier (______ ______).

Answer 62

desirable difficulties

Question 63

Our _________ about which training methods will be most effective for long term learning are not reliable.

Answer 63

intuitions

Question 64

To maximize longterm learning, practice should be ______ over time.

Answer 64

spaced

Question 65

Research suggest your practice will be more effective if you _______ _______ yourself.

Answer 65

deliberately challenge

Question 66

Identify _________ challenging areas to work on and set _____ _____ within those areas that are difficult but not impossible to achieve.

Answer 66

specific specific goals

Question 67

If you _________ work to achieve your learning goals then you’ll improve faster than if you spent the same amount of time without challenging yourself.

Answer 67

systematically

Question 68

If you want to get better at a _______ _____ you need to be systematic and deliberate in the way you practice.

Answer 68

complex skill

Question 69

________ _______ refers to mixing the practice of different parts of a skill rather than practicing each part separately.

Answer 69

random practice

Question 70

Random practice is better for ________ ______.

Answer 70

longterm learning

Question 71

In addition to randomizing the ________ of practice, it’s also helpful to randomize the _______ of your practice.

Answer 71

order conditions

Question 72

Not all _______ are desirable.

Answer 72

difficulties

Question 73

The level of _______ should match the _______ of the learner.

Answer 73

difficulty ability

Question 74

The delay between practice sessions shouldn’t be ____ _____.

Answer 74

too long

Question 75

The delay between practice sessions shouldn’t be so long that you forgot what you _________ _______.

Answer 75

previously learned

Question 76

There is no need to practice in conditions that won’t be encountered in the ____ _____.

Answer 76

real world

Question 77

Practice conditions should be ______.

Answer 77

realistic

Question 78

Sometimes the goal is _____ _____ ______ not long term learning.

Answer 78

short term performance

Question 79

In the case of short term ___________, spacing and randomizing may not be the ____ way to prepare.

Answer 79

performance ideal

Question 80

A musician getting ready for a recital tomorrow is an example of a short term performance goal where spacing and randomizing may be ideal.

Answer 80

False. Correct sentence - A musician getting ready for a recital tomorrow is an example of a short term performance goal where spacing and randomizing may not be ideal.

Question 81

If your main goal is to improve your _______ abilities, eating a good diet and pursuing an active lifestyle with plenty of physical exercise will get the same results (if not better) as practicing _______ exercises.

Answer 81

cognitive memory

Question 82

Self efficacy, perceived _________, interest or intrinsic motivation, and perceived _____ are the four traits that _______ _______.

Answer 82

control value influence motivation

Question 83

_____ ______ refers to your own confidence in your own ability to achieve some goal you’ve set.

Answer 83

self efficacy

Question 84

Self efficacy does not necessarily ______ actual ability.

Answer 84

reflect

Question 85

Your _____ can be better or worse than your self efficacy.

Answer 85

ability

Question 86

Self efficacy influences what people try to ______.

Answer 86

learn

Question 87

An example of ____ ____ _____ would be if you don’t believe that you’re capable of learning something then you may not bother even trying or pursuing a goal that you could actually accomplish if you set your mind to it.

Answer 87

low self efficacy

Question 88

Self efficacy affects ________.

Answer 88

persistence

Question 89

Research shows people with _______ ____ ______ tend to continue working toward their goals even in the face of difficulties.

Answer 89

higher self efficacy

Question 90

_______ _______ refers to the extent to which you believe you are in control of how much you learn as opposed to your learning being dependent on forces outside your control.

Answer 90

perceived control

Question 91

Studies have shown that perceived control can have a _______ ______ on motivation and engagement in learning.

Answer 91

substantial impact

Question 92

______ perceived ________ is closely related to the idea of a growth mindset.

Answer 92

high control

Question 93

Someone with a _____ _______ views their talents and abilities as rigid and unchangeable.

Answer 93

fixed mindset

Question 94

Someone with a ______ ______ views their abilities as malleable or changeable.

Answer 94

growth mindset

Question 95

People with a growth mindset typically have goals about improving and _______ _______ a challenging domain. This is referred to as a _______ orientation.

Answer 95

ultimately mastering mastery

Question 96

People with a fixed mindset typically have goals about ________ ____ and _________ their innate ability. This is referred to as a ___________ orientation.

Answer 96

performing well demonstrating performance

Question 97

Having a growth mindset is associated with significantly more learning and better ________ ________.

Answer 97

academic performance

Question 98

________ or _______ motivation is doing something because you want to do it.

Answer 98

interest intrinsic

Question 99

_________ motivation is doing something because it satisfies some external goal.

Answer 99

extrinsic

Question 100

Intrinsic motivation and personal interest is associated with _______ learning.

Answer 100

greater

Question 101

Adding ______ ______ for good performance can often reduce intrinsic motivation and undermine learning.

Answer 101

external incentives

Question 102

Perceived _____ is how much ________ a student places on what they’re learning.

Answer 102

value value

Question 103

Perceived value can _________ ________ the amount a student learns.

Answer 103

significantly increase

Question 104

_________ memories are typically more vivid than neutral memories.

Answer 104

emotional

Question 105

Emotional _______ strengthens memory consolidation.

Answer 105

arousal

Question 106

______ and emotional arousal don’t always improve every aspect of memory. It all depends on what you pay _________ to.

Answer 106

stress attention

Question 107

Stress tends to make you ______ your focus of attention to the most __________ important information.

Answer 107

narrow central

Question 108

Chronic stress _______ memory.

Answer 108

impairs

Question 109

Short term stress often ________ memory.

Answer 109

strengthens

Question 110

Long term chronic stress seems to ________ memory.

Answer 110

undermine

Question 111

The release of _____ _______ is what causes emotional memories to be vivid and strong.

Answer 111

stress hormones

Question 112

Chronic _________ to stress hormones over time can lead to changes in the brain that undermine learning and memory.

Answer 112

exposure

Question 113

Certain ______ and ___ _________ medications actually increase stress hormone levels and patients taking these medications sometimes exhibit learning and memory deficits.

Answer 113

asthma anti inflammatory

Question 114

In rare cases certain asthma and anti inflammatory drugs can produce a condition called _______ _______ which is often mistaken for Alzheimer’s disease.

Answer 114

steroid dementia

Question 115

Human beings spend about a _____ of their lives sleeping.

Answer 115

third

Question 116

A number of studies have found a correlation between poor sleep and ______ _______ (in academic performance) (correlation does not imply causation).

Answer 116

impaired learning

Question 117

________ and _______ are better after a good nights rest.

Answer 117

learning memory

Question 118

Sleeping improves memory consolidation and _______.

Answer 118

retention

Question 119

If you study some information and then sleep on it, the sleep itself often ________ and ________ your memory so that you’ll be able to remember it better in the future.

Answer 119

strengthens consolidates

Question 120

This _______ consolidation effect applies to explicit declarative ___________ and implicit procedural __________.

Answer 120

sleeping memory learning

Question 121

________ of declarative memories is most associated with non-REM slow wave sleep.

Answer 121

reactivation

Question 122

Try and get enough sleep (at least 7 hours) preferably _ or _.

Answer 122

8 9

Question 123

Avoid ________ food or a big meal, caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol for a ___ _____ before you go to bed.

Answer 123

heavy few hours

Question 124

______ your bedroom for a good nights sleep.

Answer 124

tailor

Question 125

We sleep best when the air temperature is between __ and __ degrees.

Answer 125

60 67

Question 126

Get _______ to block out light if necessary when you’re sleeping.

Answer 126

curtains

Question 127

If it’s ______ when you’re sleeping consider a fan or white noise machine.

Answer 127

noisy

Question 128

______ in a comfortable mattress and pillow.

Answer 128

invest

Question 129

Try and go to bed the same time every day even on ________.

Answer 129

weekends

Question 130

Maybe adopt a relaxing bedtime _____ like reading or taking a shower or bath that your body will begin to associate with going to bed and falling asleep.

Answer 130

habit

Question 131

Once you go to bed try to avoid watching TV or using ________ which can make it harder to fall asleep.

Answer 131

electronics

Question 132

As little as __ minutes of aerobic exercise can significantly improve the quality of your sleep.

Answer 132

10

Question 133

As _____ ______ so will learning and memory.

Answer 133

sleep improves

Question 134

Learning has a lot more to do with what the _______ does than with what the _______ does.

Answer 134

student teacher

Question 135

Adopting a positive mindset; being strategic and deliberate about your learning; actively learning rather than passively; identifying good sources of information that will challenge you; staying active, eating right, and getting plenty of sleep are all ________ to _______ learning.

Answer 135

strategies optimize

Question 136

Adopting a positive mindset means not only believing you have the ability to learn but ______ ______ of your learning.

Answer 136

taking control

Question 137

________ ________ approaches to learning can be more effective than less systematic methods.

Answer 137

strategic deliberate

Question 138

__________ leads to less longterm learning than spacing the same amount of studying over time.

Answer 138

cramming

Question 139

_________ and _________ what you work on is better than learning about one topic and then switching to another topic in blocks.

Answer 139

randomizing interleaving

Question 140

_________ new information to information we already know can help us to learn it more effectively.

Answer 140

relating

Question 141

When you’re trying to learn a new skill, ______ ______ practice is more effective than just mindlessly practicing the skill.

Answer 141

deliberate challenging

Question 142

Set _ or _ specific goals at a time.

Answer 142

2 3

Question 143

Goals should be challenging so that they’ll ______ you and really force you to learn.

Answer 143

stretch

Question 144

Goals should be specific and ________ with _______ effort.

Answer 144

achievable concerted

Question 145

Learning ______ rather than _______ means coming up with questions about the material you’re learning.

Answer 145

actively passively

Question 146

Learning actively rather than passively means _______ _______.

Answer 146

testing yourself

Question 147

Learning actively rather than passively means _______ and or ________ what you’re studying and trying to learn to others.

Answer 147

teaching explaining

Question 148

To identify good sources of information that will challenge you, consider the source, consider the ______, be _______, and seek out different points of view from your own and that will challenge your point of view.

Answer 148

evidence skeptical

Question 149

Consider the source of ____________ by asking, “Who’s providing the information and what are their ___________?” and “Are they actually trained in the field that I’m trying to learn?”

Answer 149

information qualifications

Question 150

Consider the evidence presented to you by asking, “Does the source provide actual evidence in support of their _______ or is it just ________?” and “If there is evidence, can you confirm its authenticity and does it come from a credible source?”

Answer 150

claims opinion

Question 151

A quick Google search of an _______ ______ can often identify its source and its authenticity.

Answer 151

empirical claim

Question 152

Stay ________ active by taking up a hobby, learning a course, or learning a ___________ or instrument.

Answer 152

mentally language

Question 153

Stay ________ active by walking, gardening, and taking the stairs instead of the elevator.

Answer 153

physically

Question 154

Failure to _______ occurs because of a failure to encode.

Answer 154

perceive

Question 155

Memory consist of 2 different types of information storage; _______ _______ and long term.

Answer 155

short term

Question 156

A failure to retrieve information can occur due to _______ _______ or proactive interference.

Answer 156

retroactive interference

Question 157

Exercise produces a brain with a more densely connected and _______ network of neurons.

Answer 157

active

Question 158

__________ amnesia is when the ability to remember new things is disrupted and is more common.

Answer 158

anterograde

Question 159

The human brain is very very good at ______ and later recognizing images.

Answer 159

encoding

Question 160

The “Major System” was developed by _______ _______ in ________.

Answer 160

Johan Winkelmann 1648

Question 161

Short term memory is usually limited to about 1 item.

Answer 161

False. Correct sentence - Short term memory is usually limited to about 7 items.

Question 162

Forgetting is in essence, a failure of the _______ system.

Answer 162

memory

Question 163

Short term memory is usually limited to about __ __________.

Answer 163

7 items

Question 164

The more vivid, striking and detailed your memory image is, the more unlikely it is to stick and be memorable.

Answer 164

False. Correct sentence - The more vivid, striking and detailed your memory image is, the more likely it is to stick and be memorable.

Question 165

Explain the following with an example - ‘To help remember faces tie the name to an image.’

Answer 165

Someone named Sharon would or could be tied to the act of sharing

Question 166

The _______ _______ to enhancing your memory is to transform things that are hard into things that are easy for your brain to __________ and later recall.

Answer 166

central trick encode

Question 167

_______ and strength training together, exhibited a clear advantage in terms of the amount in improvement in brain function.

Answer 167

cardiovascular

Question 168

More meaning leads to stronger and more numerous connections to existing knowledge, which leads to faster and more _______ _______.

Answer 168

accurate memory

Question 169

You can’t forget what you never perceived due to lack of focus or _______ _______.

Answer 169

misplaced attention

Question 170

_______ amnesia is the loss of memories prior to injury.

Answer 170

retrograde

Question 171

The more vivid, striking and detailed your _______ _______ is, the more likely it is to stick and be memorable.

Answer 171

memory image

Question 172

What types of images are the most memorable?

Answer 172

strange, unexpected, even bizarre images

Question 173

Who invented the Method of Loci?

Answer 173

greek poet Simonides

Question 174

Memory consists of how many different types of information storage?

Answer 174

2

Question 175

What can be encoded into the long term memory?

Answer 175

short term memory

Question 176

What may result due to retroactive interference?

Answer 176

a failure to retrieve information

Question 177

What learning process is faster than the initial learning process?

Answer 177

the relearning process

Question 178

What is the central trick to enhancing your memory?

Answer 178

transform things that are hard to remember into things that are easy for your brain to encode and later recall

Question 179

When was the method of loci invented?

Answer 179

500bc

Question 180

What type of amnesia is very rare?

Answer 180

retrograde amnesia

Question 181

What are the 2 types of information storage?

Answer 181

short term and long term

Question 182

What is the Major System?

Answer 182

converts numbers into the sound of letters

Question 183

What is the name of the system that helps you memorize numbers?

Answer 183

major system

Question 184

What did Ebinghaus discover about learning?

Answer 184

the relearning process is much faster than the initial learning process

Question 185

What happens if you fail to attach an image or some relation to the object?

Answer 185

a failure to encode

Question 186

What is retroactive interference?

Answer 186

when new memories or new things that you’ve learned interfere with the things that you’ve learned in the past

Question 187

What produces a brain with a more densely connected and more active network of neurons?

Answer 187

exercise

Question 188

_______________ a list over and over to remember it doesn’t work. To remember a list you have to make it _______________ with other things you already know.

Answer 188

repeating meaningful

Question 189

______________ _____________ is when information you’ve learned in the past interferes with new information you’ve learned in the future.

Answer 189

proactive interference

Question 190

The Kramer & Holcomb meta-analysis concluded that exercise has a significant positive effect on ________ _________ as we age.

Answer 190

mental function

Question 191

The Kramer & Holcomb meta-analysis concluded that the effects of exercise were largest for tests that tapped ___________ __________.

Answer 191

executive function

Question 192

The Kramer & Holcomb meta-analysis concluded that there were substantial effects for virtually __________ __________ of mental function.

Answer 192

every measure