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Conflict and Tension > The League of Nations and international peace > Flashcards

The League of Nations and international peace Flashcards

1
Q

Why was the League formed?

A

-prevent future wars
-encourage disarmament
-improve working conditions

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2
Q

How many members were in the League when it was initially founded?

A

42 members

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3
Q

How many members were in the League by 1934?

A

58 members

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4
Q

Why didn’t USA join the League initially?

A

Senate refused to it

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5
Q

Where was the League based?

A

Geneva, Switzerland

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6
Q

Apart from the USA, what other nations was not allowed to join?

A

-Russia
-Germany (and other losing nations)

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7
Q

What Treaty allowed Germany to join the League?

A

Locarno Treaty, 1926

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8
Q

What did Lloyd George issue to show his approval of the League?

A

Fontainebleau Memorandum

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9
Q

How did the League attempt to keep peace?

A

through collective security

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10
Q

What international court was set up in 1920?

A

Permanent Court of International Justice

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11
Q

How did the League set out to deal with aggression?

A

the Covenant

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12
Q

What were the 3 steps of the Covenant?

A
  1. mitigation
  2. moral condemnation
  3. economic sanctions
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13
Q

Did the League have an army?

A

NO - peaceful organsisation

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14
Q

How often did the League’s assembly meet?

A

once a year - in September

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15
Q

To pass votes in the Assembly, votes had to be…

A

unanimous

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16
Q

How many nations were represented at the Assembly’s first meeting?

A

42 nations

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17
Q

What year did Russia join the League?

A

1934

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18
Q

What government ran Russia?

A

communist government

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19
Q

How many permanent members were in the Council?

A

4 permanent members

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20
Q

Who were the 4 permanent members of the Council?

A

-Britain
-France
-Italy
-Japan

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21
Q

How many non-permanent member of the Council were there?

A

9 non-permanent members

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22
Q

The Council has the power of…

A

VETO

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23
Q

What does veto mean?

A

the right to reject a proposal

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24
Q

Why was the Permanent Court of International Justice set up?

A

to settle international arguments

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25
Q

Why was the Court of Justice ineffective?

A

only gave advice - couldn’t enforce it as the League had no army

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26
Q

What was the Secretariat?

A

civil service of the League

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27
Q

What was the Secretariat in charge of?

A

organising League actions and administration to the League

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28
Q

Give 3 examples of Special commission groups

A

-the International Labour Organisation
-the Slavery Commission
-the Commission for Refugees

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29
Q

Why was it a weakness of the League that the USA didn’t join?

A

undermined League - economic sanctions were insignificant, as countries could still trade with powerful nations

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30
Q

Why was having no army a weakness of the League?

A

could not force people to obey to sanctions and terms

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31
Q

The Assembly being unanimous was a weakness because…

A

it made decision making slow

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32
Q

What event, involving the League, happened in 1920?

A

Vilna

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33
Q

What was the issue of Vilna 1920?

A

Polish army took control of Vilna (in Lithuania)

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34
Q

Was Vilna 1920 a success of failure for the League?

A

FAILURE
-asked Polish army to move but they refused
-France refused to help (as saw Poland as a potential ally against Germany)
-Britain wouldn’t send any troops without other countries’ support

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35
Q

What event, involving the League, happened in 1921-25?

A

Upper Silesia

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36
Q

Why did both Germany and Poland want to claim Upper Silesia?

A

iron and steel production

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37
Q

How did the League initially deal with Upper Silesia?

A

organised a plebiscite - sent police to voting stations to ensure the cotes were fair and calm

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38
Q

What were the results of the Upper Silesia plebiscite?

A

-Germany won 60% of votes
-decided to split Upper Silesia into regions for both Poland and Germany to claim

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39
Q

How many Poles ended up in German territory after Upper Silesia?

A

half a million (500,000)

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40
Q

Why were Germany dissatisfied with the outcome of Upper Silesia?

A

-lost 3 quarters of coal mine they previously owned
-complained in 1922 to League

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41
Q

Was Upper Silesia 1921-25 a success of failure for the League?

A

FAILURE
-temporarily solved issue
-gave in to Germany’s complaints, causing further issue with Germany and Poland

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42
Q

What event, involving the League, happened in 1921?

A

The Aaland Islands

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43
Q

What was the dispute of the Aaland Islands?

A

Sweden and Finland both claimed the Aaland Islands - threatening war

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44
Q

How did the League deal with the Aaland Islands dispute?

A

-gave the islands to Finland
-Finland could not build forts on the islands

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45
Q

Was the Aaland Islands a success or failure for the League?

A

SUCCESS
-Sweden agreed to terms
-successfully avoided war

46
Q

What event, involving the League, happened in 1923?

A

Corfu

47
Q

What was the Corfu conflict?

A

-deciding on boundary between Greece and Albania
-Tellini (suveryor) was murdered
-Mussolini was outraged and blamed Greek government

48
Q

When did Mussolini invade Corfu?

A

31st August 1923

49
Q

How many people did Mussolini kill when he invaded Corfu?

A

15 people

50
Q

How did the League initially act against Mussolini’s invasion of Corfu?

A

condemned him but agreed Greece should pay compensation

51
Q

Was Corfu 1923 a success or failure for the League?

A

FAILURE
-Britain and France willingly undermined the League at the threat of a powerful nation (Italy)
-proved that the League could be ignored or overturned easily

52
Q

What event, involving the League, happened in 1925?

A

Bulgaria

53
Q

What country invaded Bulgaria in 1925?

A

Greece

54
Q

Was Bulgaria 1925 a success or failure for the League?

A

SUCCESS
-despite actions against Greece being hypocritical (Corfu 1923), Greece couldn’t go against the League as they were a small nation

55
Q

What event, involving the League, happened in 1929?

A

The Wall Street Crash

56
Q

What was The Wall Street Crash?

A

crash of American economy - GREAT DEPRESSION

57
Q

What were the international impacts of The Wall Street Crash?

A

whole world faced economic depression - America traded with many countries

58
Q

The Wall Street Crash made the League…

A

powerless - couldn’t control fascist leaders and extreme leaders from committing violent actions

59
Q

Why did France invade Germany in 1923?

A

as Germany failed to make a reparation payment

60
Q

Who was German’s foreign minister that organised the Locarno treaties 1925?

A

Gustav Stresemann

61
Q

How many Locarno treaties were there?

A

7 treaties

62
Q

What countries signed the Locarno treaties?

A

-Britain
-Belgium
-Italy
-Czechoslovakia

63
Q

What year was Germany allowed to join the League of Nations?

A

1926

64
Q

What did the Locarno treaties state?

A

-Germany’s acceptance of Treaty of Versailles terms
-countries agreeing not to go to war

65
Q

What year was the Kellogg-Briand pact?

A

1928

66
Q

Where was the Kellogg-Briand pact signed?

A

Paris

67
Q

How many countries signed the Kellogg-Briand pact?

A

65 countries

68
Q

Who were the first 3 countries to sign the Kellogg-Briand pact?

A

-Germany
-France
-USA

69
Q

How many Americans were unemployed in 1933?

A

15 million

70
Q

Why was there a rise of extremist leaders (e.g. Hitler)?

A
  1. offered simple solutions - e.g. ‘Freedom, bread, work’
  2. promised victories of war (prosperity)
  3. found victims to blame for failure - e.g. Hitler said that Germany’s problems were caused by T of V and Jews
71
Q

How did the Great Depression impact the League of Nations?

A

-powerful dictators didn’t abide collective security and weren’t fearful of moral condemnation
-economic sanctions were not enforceable

72
Q

What year did Manchuria happen?

A

1931-33

73
Q

What were the 3 causes of Manchuria?

A
  1. The Great Depression
  2. Japan’s location
  3. Mukden Incident
74
Q

How much had employment decreased by in 1932?

A

30%

75
Q

What date was the Mukden incident?

A

18th September 1931

76
Q

What was the Mukden incident?

A

explosion on South Manchurian railway - Japanese soldiers blamed Chinese soldiers

77
Q

What was the Japanese army called that invaded Manchuria?

A

Kwantung army

78
Q

What did Japan rename Manchuria in 1932?

A

Manchuko

79
Q

Who became the puppet ruler of Manchuko?

A

Pu Yi

80
Q

How did the League respond to Manchuria?

A

-sent commission of enquiry (Lytton Committee)
-condemned Japan (moral condemnation)
-Lytton report took a whole year

81
Q

After being morally condemned, Japan withdrew…

A

from the League

82
Q

What does Japan leaving the League prove?

A

self-interest of permanent members - not committed to best interest of League and world peace

83
Q

What were the 3 causes of Abyssinia?

A
  1. Great Depression
  2. Scramble for Africa
  3. Mussolini
84
Q

Why did Mussolini want to invade Abyssinia?

A

Abyssinia was full of natural resources - for Italy to rebuild their empire

85
Q

Why was Mussolini so aggressive/ confident in invading Abyssinia?

A
  1. League backed down previously to him - Corfu 1923
  2. Stresa Front - alliance with France and Britain
86
Q

Where did the Italian troops first clash with Abyssinians?

A

Wal Wal (1934)

87
Q

What was the name of the French Foreign Minister that made a secret agreement with Italy?

A

Pierre Laval - agreeing that France would not interfere (Jan 1935)

88
Q

What date did Italian troops enter Abyssinia?

A

October 1935

89
Q

How did the League respond to Italian troops invasion?

A

-condemned Italy
-Italy ignored and left League

90
Q

What was the Hoare-Laval pact (Dec 1935)?

A

-British and French foreign ministers secret deal
-agreed to hand over 2 thirds of Abyssinia to Italy
-cause public outcry, so idea was dropped

91
Q

The League did not close the…

A

Suez Canal during Abyssinia crisis

92
Q

What were the League’s failed trade sanctions against Italy?

A

failed to ban steel, oil and coal

93
Q

What were the consequences of the Abyssinia crisis for the League?

A

-showed weakness
-lost strong nation (Germany and Italy formed an alliance, Rome-Berlin pact)
-increased Hitler’s confidence to act

94
Q

What was the aim of the International Labour Organisation?

A

improves working conditions

95
Q

International Labour Organisation: success

A

death rates on Tanganyika railway reduced from over 50% to 4%

96
Q

International Labour Organisation: failure

A

refused to stop children under the age of 14 from working (as too expensive)

97
Q

What was the aim of the Commission for Refugees?

A

help those who had lost their homes at war - improving refugee camps or helping them return to home/ new homes

98
Q

Commission for Refugees: success

A

freed 457,000 prisoners of war

99
Q

Commission for Refugees: failure

A

failed to help Jews flee Germany in 1930’s

100
Q

What was the aim of the Slavery Commission?

A

to end slavery

101
Q

Slavery Commission: success

A

freed 200,000 slaves from Sierra Leonne in 1920s

102
Q

What was the aim of the Economic and Financial Committee?

A

improve living conditions

103
Q

Economic and Financial Committee: success

A

sent financial advisors to Austria and Hungary - help rebuild economies

104
Q

Economic and Financial Committee: failure

A

unable to cope with global depression after 1929

105
Q

What was the aim of the Organisation for Communications and Transport?

A

improve how countries worked together

106
Q

Organisation for Communications and Transport: success

A

-introduced shipping lanes
-international highway code

107
Q

What was the aim of the Health Organisation?

A

to cure diseases

108
Q

Health Organisation: success

A

sent doctors to help in Turkish refugee camps

109
Q

What was the aim of the Permanent Central Opium Board?

A

tackle the trading of illegal drugs

110
Q

Permanent Central Opium Board: success

A

blacklisted 4 large companies trading illegal drugs

111
Q

Permanent Central Opium Board: failure

A

some countries did not want to stop trade of opium - made so much money from it

112
Q

What are the 7 League agencies? (cholers)

A

C: Organisation for Communication and Transport
H: Health Organisation
O: Permanent Central Opium Board
L: International Labour Organisation
E: Economic and Financial Committee
R: Commission for Refugees
S: Slavery Commission

Conflict and Tension (3 decks)

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