The Last Revolution Flashcards
What is Declaration for Liberty of Conscience?
is issued by the Catholic James II in early 1687. it grants religious freedom for minorities like Catholics, Protestant dissenters, Unitarians, Jews and Muslims. It also suspends the discriminatory penal laws and revokes the required Protestant oaths in civil and military offices.
What is the Bishop’s Trial
In April 1688, the Declaration was reissued and James ordered the bishops to have it read in every church in England. The seven ‘petitioned’ to be excused. After the petition was printed and publicly distributed, the bishops were charged with seditious libel and held in the Tower of London. They were tried and found not guilty on 30 June.
The bishop’s trial had united England, ‘brought all the Protestants together’.
What made William of Orange’s England invasion inevitable?
The birth of Catholic heir to James (17 June 1688, James Francis Edward Stuart, ‘The Old Pretender) had completely transformed the situation. No longer could he wait for his wife (Mary) to inherit. He needed to act now or see England drift into the orbit of France.
How did Jose Penso de la Vega described Amsterdam stock market in his book Confusion of Confusions in 1688?
… one where fortunes made not by tilling the soil, not by selling grain, timber, wool, even luxuries like silk or tea… For those swinging hand-claps sealed bargains not on real goods but on the future. Dealers had name for it - windhandel: trading in the wind.
How did de la Vega described risk in his book?
The labyrinth of labyrinths, the terror of terrors. Through risk, wealth was no longer closed and static, but infinite and dynamic… the fall of prices need not to have a limit and there are also unlimited possibilities for the rise in which there were no boundaries.
How William’s intention of England “invasion” affected Amsterdam Stock Market?
On 15/25 August 1688, new leaked out that William intended to invade England. The Amsterdam stock market had crashed.
How probability theory implemented on insurance?
From the ashes of London after the fire arose Nicholas Barbon’s new terraces of brick houses. Barbon offered fire insurance based on his ability to calculate the probability of fire breaking out. Between 1686 and 1692 his company insured 5650 houses at rates of 2.5 per cent of value for brick houses and 5 per cent for timber.
How did French reacted to William’s intention to invade England?
Comte d’Avaux (French diplomat) read out statement telling them that any attack on James would be treated by the Sun King as an attack on France.
In every French port, Dutch ships had been seized and their crews imprisoned. More than 100 vessels had been impounded along with their cargoes.
How did France let William to continue his invasion?
Louis launched a military attack on Philippaburg in Centeal Europe. It was another blunder. The Dutch were free to send their own forces abroad. The Prince of Orange had his invitation. The French had turned their attention elsewhere.
What did William say on his open declaration of his intention to invade England?
A Declaration of the Reasons inducing (the Prince of Orange) to appear in Arms for preserving of the protestant religion, and for restoring the laws and liberties of the ancient kingdom of England, Scotland and Ireland.
Why did King James called elections on 21st of September?
He called elections, but he was no longer looking for a house of Catholics and Dissenters to approve his revolution. What James needed now was the Tory parliament of 1685 which had supported him during Monmouth’s rebellion. He swung between optimism and despair. When William’s Declaration reached London James called the elections off again.
When did William’s fleet arrive England?
5 November 1688 the fleet of 300-400 sails landed at Torbay, Brixham near Exeter.
How did Lilliburlero became the march of Glorious Revolution?
When William’s troops set off from Exeter the soldiers sang as they marched. As Gilbert Burnet remembered, until ‘the whole army, and as last all people both in city and country, were singing it perpetually’.
When James II escaping what happened to The Great Seal?
The Great Seal was the imprint under which all laws in England were made, without which no government was possible.
Somewhere on his way across the river, James threw the Great Seal into the Thames.
Why James decided the Queen and the Prince of Wales should escape to France?
James knee perfectly well that the Prince of Wales would be the sticking point in any negotiation.
Where did James II captured?
James II captured at Faversham (Isle of Sheppey - Elmley) on 12th December 1688.
Where does the term nostalgia come from?
A doctor called Johann Hoefer identified a condition in a peasant woman brought down from the mountains who appeared unable to live normally. Constantly crying, saying nothing but “ich will heim”, “I want to go home”.
He defined the condition as ‘misery resulting from the burning desire to return to one’s own country’.
The name he gave it, nostalgia, was an amalgam of Greek words algos, pain, and nostos, a homecoming.
To James why he taught he lost all three of his kingdoms?
He never saw 1688 as a struggle of Protestant and Catholic, or as a diplomatic coup against the growing power of France. To James, it was God’s punishment for his own failings.
Why William didn’t claimed the throne de facto, as Henry VII had done?
If he did he would have inherited not working medieval structures of government and taxation but a traumatized system in which kings relied on parliaments for money, but were unable to govern them. For England to fight a modern war in Europe, he would need funding beyond anything Henry VII had required - funding which could only come from a supportive parliament.
They asked William to take on a caretaker administration, and to summon a Convention.
William could not take [England], he had to be given.
What were the conclusions of the convention?
They declared William and Mary joint King and Queen.
To William alone was reserved ‘the sole and full exercise of the Regal Power’.
The line of succession was established to keep William on the throne in the event of Mary’s death, and then to descend to her sister Anne.
What were the terms of the Declaration of Rights?
That the pretended power of suspending of laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal.
That Elections of Members of Parliament ought to be free.
That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament.
What did William’s personality looked like?
The King had no charm. He had no small-talk. He listened and gave his painful, dry cough. He did not express opinions.
Meetings were held in a room full of Dutch advisers.
He relied too much on strangers, Germans, Huguenots, and Dutch.
What is The Act of Toleration?
The Toleration Act of 1689 made by the Parliament of England gave all non-conformists, except Roman Catholics, freedom of worship, thus rewarding Protestant dissenters for their refusal to side with James II. They had to promise to be loyal to the British ruler and their heirs.
What was John Locke’s solution to religious bigotry?
His solution was clear. Religion must be removed from public affairs, and toleration accepted as a principle by every church.
The aim should not be to entrench one central church, however diffuse. Men would always quarrel about religion. There could be no peace without ‘equal liberty for all’.
