Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Parasitology > The Language of Parasitology > Flashcards

The Language of Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Symbiosis

A

association (temporary or permanent) between two organisms of different species; each member is called a symbiont

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the 5 types of symbiont relationships

A 
Predator-prey
Phoresis
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Predator-prey

A

short term relationship in which one symbiont benefits at the expense of another (ex. tiger and water buffalo)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Phoresis

A

relationship in which the smaller member of the relationship is mechanically carried about by the larger member (ex. bacterium Moraxella bovis carried by facefly Musca autumnalis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mutualism

A

association between two organisms of different species in which both are benefitted (ex. tick birds on rhinos; ciliate in rumen of cow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Commensalism

A

association between two organisms of different species in which one partner is neither benefitted nor harmed (ex. sharks and remoras)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Parasitism

A

association between two organisms of different species in which one member (the parasite) lives on or in the other member (the host) and may cause harm; parasitism implies metabolic dependency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Parasitiasis

A

association between two organisms of different species in which one organism is potentially pathogenic, but does not cause outward signs of disease (ex. healthy cattle on pasture harbor GI parasites, but do not exhibit outward signs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Parasitosis

A

association between two organisms of different species in which one organism injures the other and produces outward signs of disease (ex. emaciated cow exhibits outward signs of parasitism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Parasitology

A

the study of parasitic relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Endoparasite

A

parasite that lives within the body of the host (ex. Dirofilaria immitis- heartworm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ectoparasite

A

parasite that lives on the outside of the body of the host (ex. fleas and ticks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Erratic/Aberrant parasite

A

parasite that has wandered into an organ or tissue in which it does not normally live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Incidental parasite

A

parasite in a host which it does not usually live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Facultative parasite

A

organism that is capable of living either free or as a parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Obligatory parasite

A

organism that must live a parasitic existence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Periodic parasite

A

parasite that makes short visits to its host to obtain nourishment or other benefit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pseudoparasite

A

object that is mistaken for a parasite (ex. pollen grain on a fecal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Life cycle

A

development of a parasite through its various life stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Definitive host

A

the host that harbors the adult, sexual or mature stages of the parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Intermediate host

A

host that harbors the larval, asexual, or immature stages of the parasite

22
Q

First intermediate host

A

first host parasitized by the larval stages of the parasite

23
Q

Second intermediate host

A

second host parasitized by the larval stages of the parasite

24
Q

Transport/Paratenic host

A

host in which the parasite does not undergo any further development, usually remaining encysted until eaten by the definitive host

25
Q

Reservoir host

A

vertebrate host in which a parasite (or disease) occurs naturally and which is a source of infection for human beings and their domestic animals

26
Q

Infection

A

parasitism by an internal parasite

27
Q

Infestation

A

parasitism by an external parasite

28
Q

Homoxenous/monoxenous parasite

A

a parasite that has only one type of host- the definitive host

29
Q

Heteroxenous parasite

A

parasite that has more than one type of host- the definitive host and one or more intermediate hosts

30
Q

Stenoxenous parasite

A

parasite that has a narrow host range (ex. Eimeria tenella will only infect chickens)

31
Q

Euryxenous parasite

A

parasite that has a wide host range (ex. Toxoplasma gondii will infect over 300+ species of mammals)

32
Q

Hyperparasitism

A

parasite infecting parasites (ex. Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae in a mosquito)

33
Q

Zoonosis

A

any disease that is transmissable from lower animals to human beings

34
Q

Prepatent period

A

time from infection of a parasite until diagnostic stages can be recovered from the host (i.e. eggs, oocysts, cysts, larvae, trophozoites) generally recovered from feces, urine or blood (in definitive host)

35
Q

Hypobiosis

A

the ability of nematodes to arrest their development and go dormant for a variable period of time

36
Q

Direct lifecycle

A

there is no intermediate host, only the definitive host

37
Q

Indirect lifecycle

A

there is one or more intermediate hosts

38
Q

Scientific name

A

comprised of two Latin words, and is usually written in italics or underlined; the first word is capitalized and is the Genus name, and indicates the group to which a particular type of animal belongs; the second word is not capitalized and is the specific epithet and indicates the type of animal itself
ex. dog- Canis familiaris; cat- Felis catus; housefly- Musca domestica; heartworm- Dirofilaria immitis

39
Q

List ways parasites injure their hosts

A
  1. feed on blood, lymph or exudates (ex. lice,tick)
  2. feed on solid tissues, directly or after liquefying them (ex. fluke)
  3. compete with host for food host ingested, either by ingesting the intestinal contents or by absorbing them through the body wall (ex. tapeworms)
  4. mechanical obstruction of the intestine, bile ducts, blood vessels, lymph channels, bronchi, or other body channels (ex. heartworms)
  5. produce pressure atrophy (ex. parasite that resides in kidney)
  6. destroy host cells by growing inside them (ex. apicomplexans)
  7. produce various toxic substances, such as hemolysins, histolysins, and anticoagulants (ex. ticks)
  8. produce allergic reactions (ex. fleas)
  9. produce various host reactions such as inflammation, hypertrophy, hyperplasia and nodule formation
  10. (directly or indirectly) promote the neoplastic transformation of cells (ex. Spirocerca lupi- osteosarcoma)
  11. carry diseases and other parasites including malaria, swine influenza, salmon poisoning, and heartworm (ex. mosquito)
  12. reduce host’s resistance to other parasites and to other diseases (ex. Criptosporidium)
40
Q

List types of parasites

A

Protozoa

  • Amoebas
  • Ciliates (found in pigs/rumen in ruminants-beneficial)
  • Flagellates (Giardia)
  • Apicomplexans (Coccidia)

Helminths

  • Platyhelminths (flatworms)
  • Nematodes (roundworms)
  • Acanthocephalans

Arthropods

  • Insects*
  • Acarines*
  • Pentastomes (mostly found in snakes/reptiles)
  • Crustacea (fish lice)
41
Q

Types of zoonotic cycles

A

Sylvatic: involve parasites of wild animals

urban/domestic: involve parasites of companion animals

42
Q

Evolution of parasitism

A

2 general methods:
parasite evolves with the host (less likely to be pathogenic)
parasite recently colonized the host (more likely to be pathogenic)

43
Q

Patterns of parasitism

A

Overdispersion
Increased susceptibility
The host environment

44
Q

Overdispersion

A

not all animals in a herd harbor the same number of parasites

45
Q

Increased susceptibility

A

based on factors such as age, immune status, mother/pregnancy

46
Q

Host environment

A

how parasites escape immunity

  • molecular mimicry: mimic self epitope
  • antigenic variation: express new surface proteins
  • secretion of substances that disable the local immune response: helminths secrete proteins such as proteases/protease inhibitors; adult flukes secrete thoredoxin peroxidase which stimulates alternative activation of macrophages
47
Q

List external factors that affect a parasites ability to infect the host.

A
  1. Parasites ability to survive outside of intermediate/direct host
  2. Intermediate host being present in the local environment
48
Q

List 2 ways parasites try to increase the likelihood of completing their life cycle/make it to direct host.

A
  1. Produce large number of eggs
  2. hermaphroditism
  3. asexual reproduction
  4. change behavior of intermediate host to make IH more susceptible to ingestion by DH
49
Q

List potential routes of transmission of parasites and give examples

A
  1. Oral route- eggs (Toxascaris leonina)
    1a. Oral route- intermediate host (coprophagous flies with Draschia sp. larvae)
    1b. Oral route- transmammary route (Ancylostoma caninum-hookworms)
  2. In utero- Toxocara canis
  3. Vector bourne transmission- Dirofilaria immitis (Heartworm)
  4. Skin penetration- Ancylostoma caninum (Hookworms)
50
Q

List ways parasites use to stay in place.

A 
Suckers
Hooks
Spines
"Take a huge bite" (oral attachment)
Claws (endoparasites)
51
Q

Site specificity

A

Some parasites may be more or less specific about the site within the host they infect

  • Generalists can use nearly any tissue
  • some parasites utilize niche partitioning
  • specialization in different parts of the gut (reduces competition among parasites)

Parasitology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions