The kidney and urinary tract: what they are and how can they go wrong (lecture) Flashcards
Roughly what number of people in UK rely on long term dialysis or renal transplantation ?
65,000 people
+600 people each month
What would both protein and blood in urine suggest is wrong ?
Glomerular disease/infection
What symptoms are often seen when the kidney isn’t filtering salt and/or protein well ?
high blood pressure
oedema everywhere (pitting, pulmonary, eyelids…)
What is an early warning sign of hyperkalaemia on a cardio gram ?
peaked T waves
What is the histological structure of a ureter ?
- urothelial cells (inner ring of cells)
- stromal cells (middle layer)
- smooth muscle tissue (outer layer)
What kind of contraction occurs in the ureter?
Spontaneous peristalsis
What are the classifications of kidney/urinary tract diseases ?
- congenital Vs acquired
- genetic Vs environmental
what is kidney hypoplasia ?
small kidney with too few nephrons
Causes of acquired kidney disease/failure ?
‘pre-renal’ causes
- shock (blood loss, septicaemia)
- cardiac/liver failure = poor perfusion
disease of kidney
- glomerular disease (diabetes…)
- tubular disease (pyelonephritis)
post-renal causes
- urinary flow impairment (stones, tumours, bladder dysfunction)
What can cause pyelonephritis?
- bugs (E.coli) crawling up ureter
- blood stream
Roughly what number of people will experience kidney stones in their life time ?
1 in 10
What type of kidney stones don’t show up on x-rays ?
uric acid stones
What is the most common kidney cancer in children ?
wilms tumour
What is the most common kidney cancer in adults ?
clear cell carcinoma
What is a common metastatic site of prostate cancer ?
bone
