The invasion of land Flashcards
what kinds of problems did plants have to deal with when they transitioned from water to land
- avoiding desiccation
- developing support
- reproducing
What is the evolution of plants
initially evolved in seawater
then moved into freshwater
then onto land
What are the 2 major plant divisions
- Vascular
- Nonvascular
what are the characteristics of Vascular plants
- Majority of modern land plants
- Specialized cells for transporting water and nutrients
Examples: Flowers, trees, ferns
What are the characteristics of Nonvascular plants
- First to appear on earth
- No specialized cells for water and nutrient
- Live in moist areas
examples: Liverworts, hornworts, mosses
From what did the Vascular plants evolve
From green algae
Define Cutin
Found in outer wall layers, Prevents
- Drying up
- entry of parasites
- Oxidation
-UV damage
Define Roots
Evolved to allow greater access to water and nutrients
- also provides support
Define Leaves
provide light gathering system for photosynthesis
What is the earliest seedless vascular land plant
Cooksonia
What is the process of Spore-bearing generation
- Spore bearing structures on the bottom of each leaf
- The spores travel through water and spores germinate an and grow into gametophyte plants
-The Gametophyte matures - it gets fertilized
what is the process of Seed Plants
- Sperm and Egg fertilized through pollen
- it turns into gymnosperm plant a seed
- then a seedling
- becomes a plant
How did animals transition to land
arthropods follow plants in Silurian
- then amphibians follow plants and arthropods
What barriers do animals face that are similar to life on land as plants
- Drying up
- Gravity
- Reproduction
- Respiration
Who were the first vertebrates to live on land
Amphibians
When were the first tetrapod tracks
395 million years ago
Why were late Devonian amphibians suited to life on land
Because they had a
- Backbone
- Ribcage
- Pelvic and pectoral girdles
Why were late Devonian amphibians suited to life in water
Because they had a
- Streamlined body
- Long tails
- Fins on back
How do Reptiles differ from Amphibians
- Skull structure
- Jawbones
- Ear location
- Limb and vertebral construction
When did Reptiles evolve
In late Mississppian
Why did reptiles replace amphibians
several advancements
- Method of reproduction
- Jaws and teeth
- Tough skin and scales
- Faster movement on land
Define amnion
Embryo surrounded by liquid-filled sac
Define Yolk
Food sac
Define Allantois
Waste sac
Define shell
Protection from drying up
What is inside an Amniote egg
- Amnion
- Yolk
- Allantois
- Shell
