the interactionalit approach education Flashcards
what is the internationalist approach?
seeks to discover how interactions with other teachers or pupils experience education and come to interpret & define situations and develop meanings and pupils form identities which will influence way they behave and progress they make
look at education on a _____ ____, use ______ research methods like _________ _______ or participant, non participant observation
micro level
qualitative
unstructured interviews
show through teacher ________, ________, ________ & the _____ _____ _____
expectations
stereotyping
labelling
self fulfilling prophecy
teachers tend to _______ or ______ pupils often on the bias of limited information
classify
label
label can affect a persons ________ of themselves of their _____ ______
perception
self concept
labelling can shape a persons behaviour and result in a ______ ______ _______,
can affect educational _______ of that individual & classroom behaviour
self fulfilling prophecy
performance
what is labelling?
the process of defining a person or group in a certain way
what is a stereotype?
a generalised oversimplified view of the features of a social group, allowing for few individual differences between members of group
what is the halo effect?
when pupils become stereotyped, either favourably or unfavourably, on the basis of earlier impressions
what is the self fulfilling prophecy?
where people act in response to predictions which have been made regarding their behaviour, thereby making the prediction come true
what did waterhouse (2004) do?
conducted case studies into 4 primary & 4 secondary schools & suggested labelling of pupils as either normal, average or deviant,
found labels grew over time & effected ways teachers dealt with pupils, they become what waterhouse called “pivota identity”
-self fulfilling prophecy
what did rosenthal & jacobson do?
field experiment, (takes place in natural environment), state primary school in California, gave teachers false IQ scores of some pupils, pupils selected at random but teachers informed one group is particularly right & expected to do well & those with low predicted to do poorly
—> in general the pupils performed in line with info given, regardless of actual scores
—>large number of studies tried to replicate, many not found labelling to produce and effect
becker, first to identify the ideal pupil:
-teachers see pupil as one who condoms to MC standards of behaviour and those who are _______ & _______ & unlikely to challenge teacher
ideal pupils seen as potential to do well
cooperative & hardworking
research by ______ & _____ (2001) found that when judging pupils teachers tend to see ability as fixed, tend to see pupils have limited potential
Gillborn & Youdell
Gillborn & Youdell found in research MC & white pupils much more likely to fit image of ____ ____, pupils who don’t fit image judged _______ & placed in lower sets or excluded
led to poor relationships between ______ & ____ & some ____ groups
—> particularly afro caribbean boys 8x likely to be excluded
girls often classified as ideal pupils above boys
ideal pupil
negatively
student & teachers
ethnic
what was hempel jorgensons study?
12 primary schools in hampshire, observation & conversations with pupils & semi structured interviews with teachers, pupils share similar conception of an ideal learner characteristics, teacher would like or not like new pipil
-impacted on own learning behaviours, aspirations, motivations & academic achievement
-ideal pupils & ideal learner identities
male students from WC backgrounds from ethnic groups are often seen as being portly motivated, lacking support from home & liable to be disruptive
may then be perceived as weaker than those from MC backgrounds
those who enter schools more confident, eloquent from MC homes are brighter or have greater potential & will push them harder has a result
-ideal pupil & ideal learner identities held by teachers and pupils alike fit closely with the profile of _____ __ & ______ _____ __
this can influence the sets these students are put in & determine exams
white mc
indian asian girls
what did sutton & hartley (2011) research?
suggest boys relatively poor performance nationally could be explained in part by negative gender stereotypes including those held by the teacher so SFP
the internationalist approach is accused of ________, assailed people who are labelled have no choice but to fulfil the prophecy & will inevitably fail
-if believed, for everyone to get a good grade they have to be labelled
—> must be cautious about oversimplifying
determinism
what did mary fulller (1984) do?
studied reactions of wc black girls to negative labelling, found that rather than living out their labels the girls worked hard to disprove the label
what did roger dale (1973) argue?
argues labelling theory concentrates too heavily on small interaction
—> fail to address wider social issues, such as where do ideas such as “ideal pupil” come from in first place
-students likely to have many different teachers, some may be sympathetic to wc behaviour & attitudes, no explanation by negative labels have more influence
_____ criticise labelling theory
marxists
what is banding?
either where schools try to ensure their intakes have a spread of pupils drawn from all bands of ability or more commonly is used as an alternative word for streaming
what is streaming?
is where in schools, students are divided into groups of similar ability (bands or streams) in which they stay for all subjects
what is setting?
where students are divided into groups (sets) of the same ability in particular subjects
the allocation of pupils to different groups can have an affect on educational progress
the main way of organising pupils into different groups are what?
-mixed ability
-streaming pupils are taught in separate groups for all subjects, based on beloved ability level
-setting pupils are paved in groups according to perceived ability
-within class groupings pupils placed in different groups, given different work to do
all ways of allocating pupils to different groups can affect self concept of individuals & their levels of confidence
what did gillborn mirza and youdall (2000) find?
found that black pupils were often placed in lower sets even when they showed as much ability as white counterparts in higher sets
what did hallam (2004) find)
studies 6 primary schools with different ways of organising, teaching, included mixed ability teaching & streaming
-most pupils preferred whole class or individual classes work rather than groups, teachings, feeling left out
-mixed ability groups, kids better adjusted & had better attitudes to peers than those in streamed schools
-negative attitudes to peers in lower streams were common
sutton trust:
-streaming & setting often linked to stereotypes of ideal pupil to sfp
-sutton trust said whilst setting was good way of stretching bright pupils from poorer backgrounds not enough teaching top sets
-streaming bright put pupils from poor backgrounds at a disadvantage & favoured mc
-evidence suggest in general the higher a pupils social class, the greater change of being allocated in top stream
-streaming contributes to underachievement of WC pupils & affects occupational status achieved & so social class movement
-keedie said teachers teach too sets differently from lower sets
what is the educational triage?
when schools focus on those students who maybe able to reach the benchmark set, therefore they focus extra resources on those middle ability as they will elevate the schools stats
educational triage
-the gov abolished A*-C grade boundaries to stop school doing this but schools are still judged on english and maths percentage scores
-will only work for those in _______ ______, those in _____ _____ very rarely have the extra investment that educational triage brings
middle ability
lower sets
______ & ___ (2000) argue that the A to C economy provides educational triage
Gillborn & youdall
what three types do schools categorise pupils in?
-those who will pass anyway and can be left to get on with it
-those with potential, will be helped to get C or better
-hopeless cases, doomed to fault
