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ANP1106 > The Integumentary System > Flashcards

The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Skin

A

The body’s largest organ and is the main barrier between you and the outside world.

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2
Q

Layers of the skin

A

epidermis and dermis

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3
Q

The epidermis

A

composed of epithelial cells and is the outermost protective layer of the body; non-viable

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4
Q

the epithelial layer

A

thick, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

The dermis

A

the bulk of the skin and is a tough, leathery layer composed mostly of dense connective tissue; vascularized

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6
Q

Epidermal cells

A

Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Dendritic cells, Tactile epithelial cells

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7
Q

Keratinocytes function

A

main cell type; produces keratin

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8
Q

Keratin

A

protein; strength, sturdiness, and waterproofing of the cell

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9
Q

Epidermal growth factor

A

a hormone that stimulates mitotic activity in the deepest layer of the epidermis (producing new keratinocytes)

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10
Q

Callus

A

forms when persistent friction occurs causing a thickening of the epidermis.

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11
Q

Melanocytes function

A

spider-shaped epithelial cells; synthesize the pigment melanin which is found in the deepest layer of the epidermis

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12
Q

Melanosomes

A

melanin is made in these membrane-bound granules and is transferred through branching processes to adjacent keratinocytes

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13
Q

Melanin function

A

provide pigment to the skin and protection from UV rays when out in the sun

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14
Q

Dendritic cell function

A

star-shaped; ingest foreign substances (macrophages- taking up cellular debris/waste and breaking it down) and activate the immune system

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15
Q

Tactile epithelial cell function

A

touch receptors; Intimately associated with a disc-like sensory nerve ending

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16
Q

Subcutaneous tissue

A

tissue found immediately under the skin (deep to the skin)

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17
Q

Subcutaneous tissue function

A

Anchors skin to underlying structures with the ability to slide, an insulator that reduces heat loss, and a shock absorber

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18
Q

Adipose tissue

A

absorbs physical damage/ shock & stores fat

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19
Q

Layers of the epidermis in thin skin (deep to superficial)

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum

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20
Q

Layers of the epidermis in thick skin (deep to superficial)

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

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21
Q

Stratum basale

A

The basal layer; consists of a single row of stem cells, continually renewing cells, 10-25% of the cells are melanocytes and dendritic cells are seen as well

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22
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

The prickly layer; Several cell layers of keratinocytes thick, Dendritic cells are the most abundant in this epidermal layer, contains bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin

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23
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

The granular layer; Thin layer- consists of 1 to 5 layers, Keratinization (cell is filled with keratin) begins here

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24
Q

Keratohyaline granules

A

help to form keratin in upper layers

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25
Q

Lamellar granules

A

contain a water-resistant glycolipid that is secreted into the extracellular space; retains water in epidermis

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26
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

The clear layer; extra layer only found in thick skin, just 2-3 rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes

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27
Q

Stratum Corneum

A

The horny layer; Outermost epidermal layer, mostly dead cells, protect skin, cells shed regularly

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28
Q

Layers of the dermis

A

The papillary and reticular layer

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29
Q

Papillary layer

A

The thin, superficial layer (20 %); areolar connective tissue

30
Q

Dermal papillae

A

peglike projections from the dermis surface to the epidermis; contains capillaries & nerve endings for touch + pain

31
Q

Dermal Ridges

A

found in thick skin such as on palms of hands, fingers, and soles of the feet

32
Q

Friction Ridges

A

enhance our ability to grip certain kinds of surfaces (where fingerprints and footprints come from)

33
Q

Reticular layer

A

The thicker, deeper layer (80 %); Coarse, dense irregular connective tissue, thick bundles of collagen fibers are found here

34
Q

Flexure lines

A

dermal folds that occur at or near joints, where the dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures - skin cannot slide easily in these areas (ex. Palms of hands, fingers, and wrists)

35
Q

Stretch marks (striae)

A

skin overstretched rapidly which can tear the dermis (ex. Pregnant women)

36
Q

Blisters

A

caused by short term acute trauma (ex. Burns or repeated friction), skin becomes white and bubbly with fluid

37
Q

Melanin

A

A polymer made from the amino acid tyrosine; a range of colour comes in 2 forms: reddish yellow to brownish-black

38
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow to orange pigment found in plant products (ex. carrots); Pigment deposits in keratinocytes (especially the stratum corneum) & hypodermis

39
Q

Hemoglobin

A

The pinkish pigment of fair skin is from the crimson colour of oxygenated hemoglobin (a pigment found in RBC)

40
Q

Cyanosis

A

when there is an oxygen deficiency in hemoglobin the cell turns bluish-purple colour in turn making the skin of a fair person bluish-gray; can be a sign of respiratory or cardiovascular problems

41
Q

Function of hair

A

sense insects on the skin, guards the head against physical trauma, heat loss, and sun; Shields eyes, filter particles from inhaled air

42
Q

Parts of the hair shaft

A

medulla, cortex, and cuticle

43
Q

Medulla

A

large cells separated by air spaces, the only part that contains soft keratin; absent in fine (vellus) hair

44
Q

Cortex

A

several layers of flattened keratinocytes, the bulky layer that surrounds the medulla; pigment is found here

45
Q

Cuticle

A

a single layer of overlapping cells, the most heavily keratinized part of the hair, provides strength and keeps the inner layers tightly compacted

46
Q

Split ends

A

keratin fibrils enter the cortex and the medulla begins to frizz which causes split ends (raised cuticle layer)

47
Q

Hair shaft

A

the part that projects from the skin - has 3 layers (medulla, cortex, cuticle)

48
Q

Hair root

A

The part embedded in the skin (contained within hair follicle)

49
Q

Hair bulb

A

the expanded deep end of the follicle - has papilla & root hair plexus (sensory nerve endings)

50
Q

Hair follicle

A

outer CT root sheath & inner epithelial root sheath; hair matrix (hair growth occurs here)

51
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

contract to pull hair up & dimple skin, when contracted goosebumps occur

52
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

a holocrine gland that secretes sebum

53
Q

Sebum

A

oily- lubrication & waterproofing; bactericidal- protects the skin from bacteria and makes hair smoother

54
Q

Vellus hair

A

Body hair of children and adult females (pale and fine)

55
Q

Terminal hair

A

coarser, longer hair of the eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp (appears in the axillary and pubic regions of both sexes at puberty and on the face, chest, arms, and legs of males)

56
Q

Hirsutism

A

facial hair growth in females due to elevated testosterone production

57
Q

Alopecia

A

auto-immune attack towards hair follicles to inhibit hair growth (hair loss); as well as through age

58
Q

Male pattern baldness

A

altered response of hair follicle to androgen that shortens growth cycles; genetically-determined and gender-influenced

59
Q

Nails

A

made up of hard keratin; scale-like modifications of epidermis - protective, useful tool

60
Q

lunula(lunule)

A

the white area on the nail- covers the nail matrix; where nail growth occurs

61
Q

Yellow-tinged nails

A

fungal infection or a serious respiratory or thyroid gland disorder

62
Q

Thickened + yellow-tinged nails

A

a fungal infection

63
Q

Spoon nail

A

possible iron deficiency

64
Q

Beau’s lines

A

malnutrition (sporadic stoppage of matrix growth)

65
Q

Types of sweat glands

A

eccrine and apocrine

66
Q

Eccrine glands

A

most common sweat gland; found predominantly in palms, soles, and forehead

67
Q

Make up of sweat

A

99% water plus salts, vitamin C, antibodies, dermcidin, traces of metabolic wastes like urea, uric acid, ammonia

68
Q

Apocrine

A

approx 2000 found in axillary & anogenital regions; larger; ducts empty into hair follicles

69
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

secrete wax (cerumen) in the external ear canal

70
Q

Mammary glands

A

secrete milk

ANP1106 (2 decks)

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