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Human Anatomy and Physiology > The Integumentary System > Flashcards

The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

The skin, its accessory glands, and hair are all part of the ______ system.

A

Integumentary

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2
Q

Identify the functions of the integumentary system.

A

1) Sensation of environmental stimuli
2) Thermoregulation
3) Resistance to infection

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3
Q

The skin ______ dehydration.

A

Prevents

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4
Q

True or false: The skin prevents or limits microorganisms from entering the body.

A

True

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5
Q

The skin protects deeper tissues from ______ radiation

A

Ultraviolet

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6
Q

Identify the components of the integumentary system.

A

1) Cutaneous glands
2) Nail
3) Hair
4) Skin

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7
Q

Thermoregulation, sensory reception, vitamin D production and protection are all functions of the ______.

A

Integumentary

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8
Q

Identify the properties of the skin that restrict the movement of water from the body or help in the prevention of dehydration.

A

1) The intercellular spaces of the epidermis are filled with lipids which are non-polar and hydrophobic.
2) The skin has many layers of cells.
3) The cells of the stratum corneum are filled with a waxy protein called keratin.

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9
Q

Which mechanisms does the skin usesto limit the movement of microorganisms into the body.

A

1) Avascular nature of the epidermis
2) Tight junctions between epidermal cells
3) Langerhans cells

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10
Q

Ultraviolet radiation damage to deep tissues is minimized by ______.

A

Melanin deposited in the epidermis.

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11
Q

The thickness of the skin is an important factor for ______.

A

Protecting against abrasion

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12
Q

Receptors in the skin can detect all but _____.

A

Acidity

Receptors in the skin can detect touch, heat, and pressure. There are no chemoreceptors.

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13
Q

Identify the property of the skin that provides protection against abrasion.

A

The presence of multiple layers of dead, keratinized cells in the stratum corneum

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14
Q

The skin plays an important role in the synthesis of ______

A

Vitamin D

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15
Q

Identify any material that is LOST through the skin. Select all that apply.

A

1) Water
2) Salts
3) Urea

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16
Q

The sensory receptors of the skin are critical for monitoring the ______ environment.

A

External

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17
Q

The layers of the skin include the ______ which is the most superficial and the ______ which is deeper.

A

1) Epidermis

2) Dermis

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18
Q

The skin plays a role in the production of ______ when exposed to ______.

A

1) Vitamin D

2) Ultraviolet light

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19
Q

The function of skin involving getting rid of waste products is ______.

A

Excretion

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20
Q

The most superficial layer of skin is the _____.

A

Epidermis

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21
Q

What specific type of tissue makes up the epidermis of the skin?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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22
Q

The type of epithelium that makes up the epidermis is ______.

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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23
Q

Identify the layer associated with the integument that is avascular.

A

Epidermis

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24
Q

Identify a function performed by the epidermis.

A

Preventing the entry of chemicals and microorgansims

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25
Q

A function or property unique to the epidermis (but not the dermis or hypodermis) would be providing _____.

A

Protection from abrasions

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26
Q

The structural strength of the skin is predominately the responsibility of the ______.

A

Dermis

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27
Q

The epidermis is composed of _____ tissue.

A

Epithelial

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28
Q

True or false: The epidermis is composed of keratinized simple squamous epithelium.

A

False

The epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

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29
Q

The strongest layer of the skin is the ______.

A

Dermis

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30
Q

The dermis is comprised primarily of ______ tissue.

A

Connective tissue

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31
Q

The layer deep to the dermis is the ______ layer.

A

Hypodermis

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32
Q

The connective tissue layer immediately deep to the epidermis is the ______.

A

Dermis

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33
Q

Subcutaneous tissue is composed of ______.

A

1) Adipose tissue

2) Loose connective tissue

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34
Q

What are the functions of the subcutaneous tissue.?

A

1) Insulation and padding

2) Storage of energy (lipids)

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35
Q

The hypodermis or subcutaneous layer is located ______ to the dermis.

A

Deep

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36
Q

The hypodermis, or subcutaneous tissue, is located ______

A

Directly deep to the skin
(The hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue is not part of the skin. Instead, it helps to attach the skin (dermis and epidermis) to the underlying tissues.)

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37
Q

The subcutaneous tissue is largely composed of adipose tissue and _____ tissue

A

Loose connective

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38
Q

Adipose is one of the primary components of which layer?

A

Subcutaneous

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39
Q

Skin is attached to underlying bone and muscle by the ______ tissue.

A

Subcutaneous

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40
Q

Identify the item that is NOT a function of subcutaneous fat….

1) Energy reserve
2) Cushioning of bony structures
3) Production of vitamin D
4) Thermal insulation

A

3) Production of vitamin D

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41
Q

The location of the hypodermis is best described as ______.

A

Deep to the dermis

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42
Q

Which regions are composed of loose connective tissue.

A

1) Papillary layer of dermis

2) Subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis

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43
Q

Which component best serves as thermal insulation?

A

Hypodermis

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44
Q

Identify the accessory skin structures.

A

1) Nails
2) Sweat glands
3) Hair

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45
Q

In humans, palmar and plantar surfaces of the hands and feet typically ______.

A

Do not have hair

46
Q

What are the major glands of the skin.

A

1) Sweat glands

2) Sebaceous glands

47
Q

Name the oily component of the secretion of the sebaceous glands.

A

Sebum

48
Q

Indicate the statements that describe the function of sebum.

1) Secretion increases in times of emotional distress
2) Helps regulate body temperature
3) Prevents the drying of the skin surface
4) Protects against some bacteria

A

3) Prevents the drying of the skin surface

4) Protects against some bacteria

49
Q

The sweat glands are considered _______ skin structures.

A

Accessory

50
Q

In humans, which locations do not typically have hair

A

1) Nipples
2) Palms of hands and soles of feet
3) Lips

51
Q

The two major glands of the skin are the _____ glands and the _____ glands.

A

1) Sebaceous

2) Sweat

52
Q

Sebaceous glands may best be described as _____.

A

Holocrine glands that usually duct into the hair follicle

53
Q

Sebaceous glands produce secretion that is characterized as _____.

A

Oily

54
Q

Glands in the skin designated as eccrine or apocrine glands are types of ______ glands.

A

Sweat

55
Q

An oily, white substance rich in lipids that lubricates the hair and the skin surfaces thereby preventing drying is called
_____.

A

Sebum

56
Q

Indicate the functions of the sweat produced by the eccrine glands of the skin.

A

1) Evaporative cooling of the body

2) Waste elimination

57
Q

Most sebaceous glands open into ______.

A

Hair follicles

58
Q

Sweat glands that are simple, coiled, tubular glands opening directly onto the surface of the skin of the palms and soles through sweat pores are _____ sweat glands.

A

Eccrine

59
Q

List the two types of sweat glands.

A

Apocrine and eccrine glands

60
Q

When body temperature starts to rise above normal, the eccrine sweat glands produce sweat which:

A

Evaporates and cools the body

61
Q

The specific type of glands located on the palms of hands as well as most other areas of the body are _____ sweat glands.

A

Eccrine

62
Q

Indicate the statements that apply to eccrine sweat glands.

1) Open directly onto the surface of the skin through sweat pores
2) Are complex, multi-lobed tubular glands
3) Are simple, coiled, tubular glands
4) Open into hair follicles superficial to the opening of the sebaceous glands

A

1) Open directly onto the surface of the skin through sweat pores
3) Are simple, coiled, tubular glands

63
Q

Apocrine sweat glands ______ body temperature in humans.

A

Do not help regulate

64
Q

Indicate the descriptions of apocrine sweat glands…

1) Simple, coiled, tubular glands
2) Open into hair follicles superficial to the opening of the sebaceous glands
3) Complex, multi-lobed tubular glands
4) Open directly onto the surface of the skin through sweat pores

A

1) Simple, coiled, tubular glands

2) Open into hair follicles superficial to the opening of the sebaceous glands

65
Q

Apocrine sweat glands become active ______.

A

Beginning at puberty

66
Q

Indicate the areas that contain eccrine sweat glands.

A

1) Soles
2) Palms
3) Axillae

67
Q

Body temperature regulation is a function of the _____ glands.

A

Eccrine

68
Q

The sweat glands that are simple, coiled, tubular glands, typically opening into hair follicles are the _____ sweat glands.

A

Apocrine

69
Q

At puberty, sex hormones activate _____ glands.

A

Apocrine sweat

70
Q

The glands located primarily in the axillae and around the genitalia are ______ sweat glands.

A

Apocrine

71
Q

Modified eccrine sweat glands located in the ear canal are called _____ glands.

A

Ceruminous

72
Q

Where would you expect to find ceruminous glands?

A

Ear canal

73
Q

Indicate the areas of the body that contain apocrine sweat glands.

A

1) Anus
2) Genitalia
3) Axillae

74
Q

The secretion called ______ is composed of the combined secretions of ceruminous glands and sebaceous glands.

A

Cerumen (earwax)

75
Q

Ceruminous glands are modified ______ glands.

A

Eccrine

76
Q

The tympanic membrane is protected from the entry of dirt and small insects into the ear canal by the presence of ______ and hairs.

A

Cerumen (earwax)

77
Q

Fingernails are comprised of ______.

A

Thin, dead scaly epidermal cells

78
Q

Indicate the statements that apply to cerumen.

1) Functions as an indicator of sexual maturity
2) Protects the tympanic membrane
4) Helps in temperature regulation
5) Prevents the entry of dirt and insects

A

2) Protects the tympanic membrane

4) Prevents the entry of dirt and insects

79
Q

Which accessory skin structures grow continually throughout life?

A

2) Nails

80
Q

Name the layer from which fingernails and toenails are derived.

A

Epidermis

81
Q

Indicate the statements that describe cerumen.

1) Waxy secretion
2) Produced by sebaceous glands
3) Produced by ceruminous glands
4) Isotonic watery solution

A

1) Waxy secretion
2) Produced by sebaceous glands
3) Produced by ceruminous glands

82
Q

The layer of the skin that provides the most structural strength and prevents tearing is the _____.

A

Dermis

83
Q

Indicate two characteristics of stratified epithelium of the epidermis that protect against abrasion.

A

1) As the outer cells of the stratum corneum slough off, they are replaced by cells from the stratum basale.
2) Calluses develop in areas subject to heavy friction or pressure.

84
Q

Unlike the growth pattern of hair, nails ______.

A

1) Grow continuously throughout life

1) Do not have a resting stage

85
Q

What properties help the skin prevent microorganisms and other foreign substances from entering the body?

A

1) The lack of blood vessels in the epidermis limits access to central circulation.
2) Multiple layers of dead cells make it difficult for pathogens to enter.
3) Secretions from skin glands produce an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms.

86
Q

Identify the item that is not a function of hair.

1) Signals the presence of small insects
2) Warms and insulates individual
3) Production of vitamin D
4) UV protection

A

3) Production of vitamin D

87
Q

Which region of the skin contains multiple layers of cells, providing protection against abrasion?

A

Epidermis

88
Q

The structures that protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage and can be used in defense are _______
.

A

Nails

89
Q

Skin features that help to protect the body from microorganisms include ______.

A

1) Presence of components of the immune system
2) Secretions of sebaceous glands
3) Stratified epithelial tissue

90
Q

True or false: In modern humans the primary function of hair is cosmetic and a sign of sexual maturity.

A

False

(Hair has multiple functions important to human health including UV protection, signaling the presence of parasites, and thermal insulation)

91
Q

The functions of nails include ______.

A

Protecting fingers and toes.

92
Q

True or False: The intact skin plays an important role in reducing water loss because its lipids act as a barrier to the diffusion of water.

A

True

(The lipids deposited around the skin cells in the extracellular spaces are hydrophobic meaning that they do not react well with polar molecules like water. By filling the spaces between cells with hydrophobic material, the movement of polar material is restricted.)

93
Q

Touch receptors of the skin are located in all of these areas, except ______.

1) In the dermis
2) Within the hair of the dermis and epidermis
3) Around the base of the hair follicle
4) In the dermal papillae
5) In the epidermis

A

2) Within the hair of the dermis and epidermis

94
Q

Muscle contraction during exercise increases body temperature which leads to the release of body heat via ______.

A

The dilation of blood vessels in the dermis.

95
Q

When the skin is flushed, the amount of heat loss ______.

A

Increases

96
Q

A person’s skin will become relatively pale when they are exposed to cold temperatures for a long period of time because ______.

A

Blood flow to the dermis decreases to conserve core body heat

97
Q

The features of intact skin that reduce water loss include ______.

A

1) the keratin-filled cells of the epidermis
2) epidermal lipids
3) presence of many epidermal and dermal layers
4) multiple layers of dead skin cells in stratum corneum

98
Q

The dermis contains receptors that detect ______.

A

touch

pain

variations in temperature

changes in pressure

99
Q

Vitamin D production in the skin ______.

A

Promotes calcium absorption and bone health.

(Vitamin D production in the skin stimulates the small intestine to absorb calcium and phosphate, substances necessary for bone growth and muscle function.)

100
Q

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of vessels in the skin play a major role in ______.

A

Thermoregulation.

101
Q

If your patient had very low levels of vitamin D, what would you expect to find?

A

A lower than normal concentration of calcium and phosphate in the blood

A higher than normal concentration of calcium in the urine

102
Q

When the skin becomes more pale, the amount of heat loss ______

A

Decreases

103
Q

True or false: The body can only obtain Vitamin D through the exposure to UV radiation and the resulting conversion of precursor molecules into calcitriol.

A

False

(Theoretically, people could produce all their required vitamin D if they were exposed to enough ultraviolet light. In most individuals, however, this is limited because they live indoors and wear clothing. The body can obtain additional Vitamin D from foods such as fatty fish and fortified milk.)

104
Q

When you are exposed to the cold for a prolonged period of time, the blood vessels of the dermis will constrict causing the skin to become ______. This allows the body to ______ heat.

A

1) Pale

2) Conserve

105
Q

How does the integumentary system interact with the skeletal system?

A

Vitamin D produced in the skin promotes absorption of calcium.

106
Q

The functions of vitamin D include ______.

A

Promoting calcium and phosphate release from bones.

Reducing calcium loss from the kidneys.

Stimulating the uptake of calcium and phosphate from the intestines.

107
Q

The body can obtain the needed amounts of Vitamin D through ______.

A

Exposure to UV radiation

Ingestion of certain foods such as fatty fish

108
Q

One function of the skin is excretion. Indicate the compounds excreted in small amounts via sweat.

A

Ammonia

Urea

Salts

109
Q

Indicate the changes in skin that occur with age.

A

The number of functioning melanocytes generally decreases.

Normal elastic fibers are replaced by an interwoven mat of thick, elastic-like material.

The ability to regulate body temperature decreases due to a decrease in blood flow to the dermis and reduced sweat gland activity

110
Q

Sweating is important in thermoregulation as well as:

A

Excretion of waste

111
Q

Identify substances that are excreted through the skin.

A

Ammonia

Uric acid

Urea

Human Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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