The Integumentary System Flashcards
The skin, its accessory glands, and hair are all part of the ______ system.
Integumentary
Identify the functions of the integumentary system.
1) Sensation of environmental stimuli
2) Thermoregulation
3) Resistance to infection
The skin ______ dehydration.
Prevents
True or false: The skin prevents or limits microorganisms from entering the body.
True
The skin protects deeper tissues from ______ radiation
Ultraviolet
Identify the components of the integumentary system.
1) Cutaneous glands
2) Nail
3) Hair
4) Skin
Thermoregulation, sensory reception, vitamin D production and protection are all functions of the ______.
Integumentary
Identify the properties of the skin that restrict the movement of water from the body or help in the prevention of dehydration.
1) The intercellular spaces of the epidermis are filled with lipids which are non-polar and hydrophobic.
2) The skin has many layers of cells.
3) The cells of the stratum corneum are filled with a waxy protein called keratin.
Which mechanisms does the skin usesto limit the movement of microorganisms into the body.
1) Avascular nature of the epidermis
2) Tight junctions between epidermal cells
3) Langerhans cells
Ultraviolet radiation damage to deep tissues is minimized by ______.
Melanin deposited in the epidermis.
The thickness of the skin is an important factor for ______.
Protecting against abrasion
Receptors in the skin can detect all but _____.
Acidity
Receptors in the skin can detect touch, heat, and pressure. There are no chemoreceptors.
Identify the property of the skin that provides protection against abrasion.
The presence of multiple layers of dead, keratinized cells in the stratum corneum
The skin plays an important role in the synthesis of ______
Vitamin D
Identify any material that is LOST through the skin. Select all that apply.
1) Water
2) Salts
3) Urea
The sensory receptors of the skin are critical for monitoring the ______ environment.
External
The layers of the skin include the ______ which is the most superficial and the ______ which is deeper.
1) Epidermis
2) Dermis
The skin plays a role in the production of ______ when exposed to ______.
1) Vitamin D
2) Ultraviolet light
The function of skin involving getting rid of waste products is ______.
Excretion
The most superficial layer of skin is the _____.
Epidermis
What specific type of tissue makes up the epidermis of the skin?
Stratified squamous epithelium
The type of epithelium that makes up the epidermis is ______.
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Identify the layer associated with the integument that is avascular.
Epidermis
Identify a function performed by the epidermis.
Preventing the entry of chemicals and microorgansims
A function or property unique to the epidermis (but not the dermis or hypodermis) would be providing _____.
Protection from abrasions
The structural strength of the skin is predominately the responsibility of the ______.
Dermis
The epidermis is composed of _____ tissue.
Epithelial
True or false: The epidermis is composed of keratinized simple squamous epithelium.
False
The epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
The strongest layer of the skin is the ______.
Dermis
The dermis is comprised primarily of ______ tissue.
Connective tissue
The layer deep to the dermis is the ______ layer.
Hypodermis
The connective tissue layer immediately deep to the epidermis is the ______.
Dermis
Subcutaneous tissue is composed of ______.
1) Adipose tissue
2) Loose connective tissue
What are the functions of the subcutaneous tissue.?
1) Insulation and padding
2) Storage of energy (lipids)
The hypodermis or subcutaneous layer is located ______ to the dermis.
Deep
The hypodermis, or subcutaneous tissue, is located ______
Directly deep to the skin
(The hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue is not part of the skin. Instead, it helps to attach the skin (dermis and epidermis) to the underlying tissues.)
The subcutaneous tissue is largely composed of adipose tissue and _____ tissue
Loose connective
Adipose is one of the primary components of which layer?
Subcutaneous
Skin is attached to underlying bone and muscle by the ______ tissue.
Subcutaneous
Identify the item that is NOT a function of subcutaneous fat….
1) Energy reserve
2) Cushioning of bony structures
3) Production of vitamin D
4) Thermal insulation
3) Production of vitamin D
The location of the hypodermis is best described as ______.
Deep to the dermis
Which regions are composed of loose connective tissue.
1) Papillary layer of dermis
2) Subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis
Which component best serves as thermal insulation?
Hypodermis
Identify the accessory skin structures.
1) Nails
2) Sweat glands
3) Hair
In humans, palmar and plantar surfaces of the hands and feet typically ______.
Do not have hair
What are the major glands of the skin.
1) Sweat glands
2) Sebaceous glands
Name the oily component of the secretion of the sebaceous glands.
Sebum
Indicate the statements that describe the function of sebum.
1) Secretion increases in times of emotional distress
2) Helps regulate body temperature
3) Prevents the drying of the skin surface
4) Protects against some bacteria
3) Prevents the drying of the skin surface
4) Protects against some bacteria
The sweat glands are considered _______ skin structures.
Accessory
In humans, which locations do not typically have hair
1) Nipples
2) Palms of hands and soles of feet
3) Lips
The two major glands of the skin are the _____ glands and the _____ glands.
1) Sebaceous
2) Sweat
Sebaceous glands may best be described as _____.
Holocrine glands that usually duct into the hair follicle
Sebaceous glands produce secretion that is characterized as _____.
Oily
Glands in the skin designated as eccrine or apocrine glands are types of ______ glands.
Sweat
An oily, white substance rich in lipids that lubricates the hair and the skin surfaces thereby preventing drying is called
_____.
Sebum
Indicate the functions of the sweat produced by the eccrine glands of the skin.
1) Evaporative cooling of the body
2) Waste elimination
Most sebaceous glands open into ______.
Hair follicles
Sweat glands that are simple, coiled, tubular glands opening directly onto the surface of the skin of the palms and soles through sweat pores are _____ sweat glands.
Eccrine
List the two types of sweat glands.
Apocrine and eccrine glands
When body temperature starts to rise above normal, the eccrine sweat glands produce sweat which:
Evaporates and cools the body
The specific type of glands located on the palms of hands as well as most other areas of the body are _____ sweat glands.
Eccrine
Indicate the statements that apply to eccrine sweat glands.
1) Open directly onto the surface of the skin through sweat pores
2) Are complex, multi-lobed tubular glands
3) Are simple, coiled, tubular glands
4) Open into hair follicles superficial to the opening of the sebaceous glands
1) Open directly onto the surface of the skin through sweat pores
3) Are simple, coiled, tubular glands
Apocrine sweat glands ______ body temperature in humans.
Do not help regulate
Indicate the descriptions of apocrine sweat glands…
1) Simple, coiled, tubular glands
2) Open into hair follicles superficial to the opening of the sebaceous glands
3) Complex, multi-lobed tubular glands
4) Open directly onto the surface of the skin through sweat pores
1) Simple, coiled, tubular glands
2) Open into hair follicles superficial to the opening of the sebaceous glands
Apocrine sweat glands become active ______.
Beginning at puberty
Indicate the areas that contain eccrine sweat glands.
1) Soles
2) Palms
3) Axillae
Body temperature regulation is a function of the _____ glands.
Eccrine
The sweat glands that are simple, coiled, tubular glands, typically opening into hair follicles are the _____ sweat glands.
Apocrine
At puberty, sex hormones activate _____ glands.
Apocrine sweat
The glands located primarily in the axillae and around the genitalia are ______ sweat glands.
Apocrine
Modified eccrine sweat glands located in the ear canal are called _____ glands.
Ceruminous
Where would you expect to find ceruminous glands?
Ear canal
Indicate the areas of the body that contain apocrine sweat glands.
1) Anus
2) Genitalia
3) Axillae
The secretion called ______ is composed of the combined secretions of ceruminous glands and sebaceous glands.
Cerumen (earwax)
Ceruminous glands are modified ______ glands.
Eccrine
The tympanic membrane is protected from the entry of dirt and small insects into the ear canal by the presence of ______ and hairs.
Cerumen (earwax)
Fingernails are comprised of ______.
Thin, dead scaly epidermal cells
Indicate the statements that apply to cerumen.
1) Functions as an indicator of sexual maturity
2) Protects the tympanic membrane
4) Helps in temperature regulation
5) Prevents the entry of dirt and insects
2) Protects the tympanic membrane
4) Prevents the entry of dirt and insects
Which accessory skin structures grow continually throughout life?
2) Nails
Name the layer from which fingernails and toenails are derived.
Epidermis
Indicate the statements that describe cerumen.
1) Waxy secretion
2) Produced by sebaceous glands
3) Produced by ceruminous glands
4) Isotonic watery solution
1) Waxy secretion
2) Produced by sebaceous glands
3) Produced by ceruminous glands
The layer of the skin that provides the most structural strength and prevents tearing is the _____.
Dermis
Indicate two characteristics of stratified epithelium of the epidermis that protect against abrasion.
1) As the outer cells of the stratum corneum slough off, they are replaced by cells from the stratum basale.
2) Calluses develop in areas subject to heavy friction or pressure.
Unlike the growth pattern of hair, nails ______.
1) Grow continuously throughout life
1) Do not have a resting stage
What properties help the skin prevent microorganisms and other foreign substances from entering the body?
1) The lack of blood vessels in the epidermis limits access to central circulation.
2) Multiple layers of dead cells make it difficult for pathogens to enter.
3) Secretions from skin glands produce an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms.
Identify the item that is not a function of hair.
1) Signals the presence of small insects
2) Warms and insulates individual
3) Production of vitamin D
4) UV protection
3) Production of vitamin D
Which region of the skin contains multiple layers of cells, providing protection against abrasion?
Epidermis
The structures that protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage and can be used in defense are _______
.
Nails
Skin features that help to protect the body from microorganisms include ______.
1) Presence of components of the immune system
2) Secretions of sebaceous glands
3) Stratified epithelial tissue
True or false: In modern humans the primary function of hair is cosmetic and a sign of sexual maturity.
False
(Hair has multiple functions important to human health including UV protection, signaling the presence of parasites, and thermal insulation)
The functions of nails include ______.
Protecting fingers and toes.
True or False: The intact skin plays an important role in reducing water loss because its lipids act as a barrier to the diffusion of water.
True
(The lipids deposited around the skin cells in the extracellular spaces are hydrophobic meaning that they do not react well with polar molecules like water. By filling the spaces between cells with hydrophobic material, the movement of polar material is restricted.)
Touch receptors of the skin are located in all of these areas, except ______.
1) In the dermis
2) Within the hair of the dermis and epidermis
3) Around the base of the hair follicle
4) In the dermal papillae
5) In the epidermis
2) Within the hair of the dermis and epidermis
Muscle contraction during exercise increases body temperature which leads to the release of body heat via ______.
The dilation of blood vessels in the dermis.
When the skin is flushed, the amount of heat loss ______.
Increases
A person’s skin will become relatively pale when they are exposed to cold temperatures for a long period of time because ______.
Blood flow to the dermis decreases to conserve core body heat
The features of intact skin that reduce water loss include ______.
1) the keratin-filled cells of the epidermis
2) epidermal lipids
3) presence of many epidermal and dermal layers
4) multiple layers of dead skin cells in stratum corneum
The dermis contains receptors that detect ______.
touch
pain
variations in temperature
changes in pressure
Vitamin D production in the skin ______.
Promotes calcium absorption and bone health.
(Vitamin D production in the skin stimulates the small intestine to absorb calcium and phosphate, substances necessary for bone growth and muscle function.)
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of vessels in the skin play a major role in ______.
Thermoregulation.
If your patient had very low levels of vitamin D, what would you expect to find?
A lower than normal concentration of calcium and phosphate in the blood
A higher than normal concentration of calcium in the urine
When the skin becomes more pale, the amount of heat loss ______
Decreases
True or false: The body can only obtain Vitamin D through the exposure to UV radiation and the resulting conversion of precursor molecules into calcitriol.
False
(Theoretically, people could produce all their required vitamin D if they were exposed to enough ultraviolet light. In most individuals, however, this is limited because they live indoors and wear clothing. The body can obtain additional Vitamin D from foods such as fatty fish and fortified milk.)
When you are exposed to the cold for a prolonged period of time, the blood vessels of the dermis will constrict causing the skin to become ______. This allows the body to ______ heat.
1) Pale
2) Conserve
How does the integumentary system interact with the skeletal system?
Vitamin D produced in the skin promotes absorption of calcium.
The functions of vitamin D include ______.
Promoting calcium and phosphate release from bones.
Reducing calcium loss from the kidneys.
Stimulating the uptake of calcium and phosphate from the intestines.
The body can obtain the needed amounts of Vitamin D through ______.
Exposure to UV radiation
Ingestion of certain foods such as fatty fish
One function of the skin is excretion. Indicate the compounds excreted in small amounts via sweat.
Ammonia
Urea
Salts
Indicate the changes in skin that occur with age.
The number of functioning melanocytes generally decreases.
Normal elastic fibers are replaced by an interwoven mat of thick, elastic-like material.
The ability to regulate body temperature decreases due to a decrease in blood flow to the dermis and reduced sweat gland activity
Sweating is important in thermoregulation as well as:
Excretion of waste
Identify substances that are excreted through the skin.
Ammonia
Uric acid
Urea
