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Physiology final > The Integumentary System > Flashcards

The Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

integument, an organ within the integumentary system

A

Skin

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2
Q

composed of skin + accessory organs (e.g., nails, hair, glands, sensory receptors)

A

Integumentary system:

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3
Q

Retains internal body heat via

A

subcutaneous layer

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4
Q

eliminates excessive body heat through subcutaneous dilated blood vessels

A

Radiation of heat

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5
Q

eliminates excessive body heat directly through skin

A

Convection and conduction

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6
Q

eliminates excessive body heat on surface of skin

A

Evaporation of perspiration

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7
Q

5 functions of integumentary system

A 
A. Protective covering
B. Regulation of body temperature
C. Housing of sensory receptors
D. Synthesis of vitamin D
E. Excretion of waste materials (by means of perspiration)
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8
Q

the most superficial layer of skin

A

Epidermis

Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; contains four types of cells

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9
Q

predominate cell type; manufacture keratin

A

Keratinocytes:

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10
Q

structural protein which toughens and waterproofs the surface of the epidermis

A

Keratin

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11
Q

manufacture melanin, a brown pigment

A

Melanocytes

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12
Q

immune cells

A

Dendritic cells (aka, Langerhans cells, histocytes)

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13
Q

type I tactile mechanoreceptors

A

Merkel cells (aka, discs)

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14
Q

Histologically, divisible into four or five distinct layers, depending upon skin thickness

A

thin skin (four layers) vs. thick skin (five layers)

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15
Q

deepest layer, highly mitotic

A

Stratum basale

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16
Q

mitotic only in its deeper layers; begins synthesis of keratin

A

Stratum spinosum:

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17
Q

stratum basale + stratum spinosum

Primary site of cholecalciferol manufacture

A

Stratum germinativum

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18
Q

flattened cells, filling up with keratin

A

Stratum granulosum

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19
Q

present only in thick skin (i.e., palms of the hands and soles of the feet)

A

Stratum lucidum

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20
Q

20-30 layers of flattened, keratinized dead cells

A

Stratum corneum

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21
Q

Composed of connective tissue, and housing muscle fibers, blood vessels, hair follicles, exocrine glands, and nerve fibers

Two layers

A

Dermis

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22
Q

loose connective tissue directly underlying the epidermis

A

Papillary layer

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23
Q

Dermal ridges (such as fingerprints and toe prints) due to the

A

pulling of elastic fibers in the papillary layer

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24
Q

dense irregular connective tissue underlying the papillary layer

A

Reticular layer

Quite distensible and resilient; when over-stretched, it tears, producing ‘stretch marks

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25
Q

adipose tissue and loose connective tissue, interlaced with blood vessels

Binds skin to underlying structures

A

Subcutaneous layer (aka, hypodermis, superficial fascia):

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26
Q

serves as heat insulator and energy reservoir

Conserves internal body heat or impedes entrance of external heat

A

Adipose tissue

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27
Q

varies throughout the body and between the sexes (generally 8% thicker in women than in men)

A

Distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue

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28
Q

Thickness of subcutaneous layer can be indicative of

A

nutritional status

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29
Q

due to blood flow in dermis and subcutaneous layers

A

Pink skin

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30
Q

yellowish pigment acquired through the diet

A

Carotene

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31
Q

Having a thicker stratum corneum with an associated increase in the amount of the structural protein keratin; primarily found among people of East Asian descent

A

Yellow skin

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32
Q

due to melanin, a brown-black pigment produced by the melanocytes found in the stratum basale; imparts a light-to-dark brown coloration to the skin, depending upon its concentration

A

Brown skin

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33
Q

Human skin color differences are primarily due to differences in the amount of

A

melanin produced and its distribution

everyone has approximately the same number of melanocytes

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34
Q

small, isolated patches of highly concentrated melanin secretion

A

Freckles

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35
Q

darkest skin tones found in areas that have greatest amounts of sunlight; lightest skin tones found in areas that have least amounts of sunlight

A

Geographic distribution of skin color

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36
Q

Age differences; sex differences (aka, sexual dimorphism)

A

Functional significance of human skin coloration

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37
Q

serve to protect against cell damage due to excessive ultraviolet radiation (UVR)

A

Dark skin tones

38
Q

absorbs ultraviolet radiation and prevents excessive amounts reaching the mitotic cells of stratum germinativum and dermis

A

Melanin

39
Q

Presence of a thicker stratum corneum also prevents excessive ………………………. reaching the lower mitotic cell layers

A

ultraviolet radiation

40
Q

melanocytes respond to increased amounts of ultraviolet radiation by producing more melanin

A

Tanning

41
Q

is dependent upon sufficient amounts of ultraviolet radiation reaching the lower levels of the epidermis to facilitate this chemical process

A

Production of vitamin D by the body

42
Q

necessary for proper bone growth and maintenance; a deficiency results in rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults

A

Vitamin D

43
Q

is more susceptible to damage by extreme cold than is lighter skin

A

Dark skin

44
Q

resides in the dermis and subcutaneous layer, but originate from epidermal tissue

A

Hair and the hair follicle (primarily is short and very fine)

45
Q

tube-like structure which protrudes down into the dermis, houses an individual hair

A

Follicle

Consists of an outer connective root sheath and an inner epithelial root sheath

46
Q

zone of actively dividing cells at the base of the hair

A

Bulb

47
Q

column of flattened, dead keratinized cells within the follicle

A

Root

48
Q

column of flattened, dead keratinized cells external to the skin’s surface

A

Shaft

49
Q

Hair root and shaft are made up of ……………… (inner core), ………………… (middle section), and………………. (outer portion)

A

medulla,cortex, and cuticle

50
Q

(composed of smooth muscle) and the production of ‘goose bumps’

A

Arrector pili muscle

Contraction of the arrector pili muscle causes the hair follicle to straighten

response to cold or sudden fear/threat situations

51
Q

located in the base of the hair bulb

A

melanocytes

52
Q

high concentration of melanin =

A

dark hair

53
Q

moderate amount =

A

light brown hair

54
Q

little melanin =

A

blond hair

55
Q

no melanin =

A

white hair

56
Q

mixture of pigmented and unpigmented hairs =

A

gray hair

57
Q

pigment containing iron=

A

red hair

58
Q

determined (in part) by shape and size of hair follicle

A

texture

59
Q

scalp (in adults and children), face, axilla, and pubic area (in adults only)

A

areas of dense hair concentration

60
Q

European descent are the …………………, East Asians and Amerindians are the

A

hairiest (‘hirsute’), least hairy (‘glabrous’)

61
Q

modified hardened stratum corneum; divisible into nail root, nail body, and free edge

A

Nail plate

62
Q

underlying the nail plate; continuous with stratum basale and stratum spinosum of surrounding epidermis

A

Nail bed

63
Q

part of the nail plate; light half-moon region at the proximal end of the nail plate, due to extreme thickness of underlying nail bed

A

Lunula

64
Q

Nails function

A

protection; facilitation of digital dexterity

65
Q

lubricates and waterproofs hair and stratum corneum

A

Holocrine secretion (sebum)

66
Q

(usually due to overproduction of sebum) lead to acne

A

Clogged sebaceous ducts

67
Q 
Branched alveolar in shape, connected to the hair follicle
secretes Holocrine (sebum)
A

Sebaceous gland

68
Q

concentrated in axillary and pubic regions

found all over the body, especially forehead, back, palms, and soles

A

Sudoriferous (aka, sweat) gland

69
Q

Sudoriferous (aka, sweat) gland

Produces an odoriferous merocrine secretion in respond to emotional stress

Tubular in shape, connected to the hair follicle

A

Apocrine gland

70
Q

Sudoriferous (aka, sweat) gland

Produces a thin merocrine secretion

Tubular in shape, exits directly onto the surface of the skin

A

Eccrine gland

71
Q

i. functions in evaporative cooling of the body

ii. Also eliminates some chemical wastes (e.g., lactic acid, uric acid)

A

The true sweat gland

merocrine secretion

72
Q

Tactile receptors

A

Touch

Pressure

73
Q

located in the dermal papillae; discriminate touch

A

Corpuscle of touch (aka, Meissner’s corpuscle, tactile corpuscle)

74
Q

sensory nerve endings wrapped around the base of the hair follicle; discriminate touch

A

Hair root plexus

75
Q

type I mechanoreceptor, located in the stratum basale; discriminate touch

A

Merkel cell/disc

76
Q

type II mechanoreceptor, located deep in the dermis; non-discriminate touch (‘crude’ touch)

A

Ruffini’s endings/corpuscles

77
Q

PRESSURE responds to sustained pressure; located deep in the dermis and subcutaneous layer (and other places within the body, as well)

A

lamellated corpuscle (aka, Pacinian corpuscle)

78
Q

free nerve endings, responding to HOT OR COLD TEMPERATURES; located in the epidermis

A

Thermal receptors

79
Q

free nerve endings, responding to TISSUE TRAUMA OR EXTREME TISSUE DEFORMATION; located in the epidermis

A

Pain receptors (aka, nociceptors)

80
Q

greater mitotic activity in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum

A

Healing of wounds Involving just the epidermis

81
Q

a. Wound causes rupture of blood vessels within the dermis (and subcutaneous layer, if that extensive), with resultant bleeding
b. Blood platelets and fibrinogen proteins form a clot, which stops bleeding
c. Scab forms and seals off wound
d. Within the dermis (and subcutaneous layer, if damaged), fibroblasts form collagen fibers which bind wound edges together; within the epidermis, epithelial cells migrate in from wound edges and start proliferating
e. Scab sloughs off when healing is nearly complete

A

Healing of wounds Involving the dermis and/or subcutaneous layer

82
Q

a. Injury to the epidermis only

b. Skin becomes warm and reddened; surface layers of skin may be shed (i.e., ‘peeling’)

A

First-degree (aka, superficial partial-thickness)

83
Q

a. Destruction of the epidermis and some underlying dermis as well (but not the accessory organs)
b. Skin blisters and healing process will involve epithelial cells from the accessory organs within the damaged area

A

Second-degree (aka, deep partial-thickness)

84
Q

a. Destroys the epidermis, dermis, and accessory organs

b. Epithelial healing can occur only at the margins of the injury

A

Third-degree (aka, full-thickness)

85
Q

a. Destruction extends through all layers of the skin and perhaps, into the underlying tissues
b. Epithelial healing can occur only at the margins of the injury

A

Fourth degree

86
Q

benign abnormal growth of melanocytes

A

Mole (aka, nevus):

87
Q

abnormal growth of skin tissue caused by viral infection

A

Wart (aka, verruca):

88
Q

thought to be due to long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation; malignant

A

Cutaneous carcinoma

Divisible into basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma

89
Q

thought to be due to relatively short, but intense exposure to ultraviolet radiation; highly malignant

A

Cutaneous melanoma

90
Q

Asymmetry, irregular Borders, abnormal and/or multiple Colors, increasing or large Diameter (larger than a pencil eraser), Evolution (any unexplained change)

A

‘ABCD’ rule for identification of cutaneous melanoma

91
Q
  1. Dietary deficiencies
  2. Heavy metal exposure (i.e., lead, mercury, arsenic)
  3. Allergic reactions
  4. Specific diseases
A

Integumentary system as a clinical indicator

92
Q
  1. Loss of elasticity in the dermis
  2. Decrease in amount of adipose tissue in subcutaneous layer
  3. Decreased activity of hair follicles and exocrine glands (especially, eccrine and sebaceous glands)
  4. Changes in pigmentation (of skin and hair)
  5. Increase in number of moles
A

Aging

Physiology final (2 decks)

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