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PH1124 Anatomy & Physiology > The Integument System > Flashcards

The Integument System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the term integument mean?

A

outer covering of the body (skin)

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2
Q

what are skin appendages?

A
  • nails
  • glands
  • hair
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3
Q

what are the 3 layers of the skin?

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

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4
Q

what cells are present in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes

corneocytes

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5
Q

true or false

the epidermis is lipid rich

A

true

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6
Q

true or false

the dermis is lipid poor

A

true

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7
Q

what is the dermis comprised of?

A

collagen and fibroblasts

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8
Q

what type of tissue is the hypodermis considered?

A

connective

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9
Q

what is the function of each layer of the skin?

A

Epidermis: protects from external harm

Dermis: thermoregulation/sensation

Hypodermis: attach skin to structures beneath it

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10
Q

what roles does the skin have?

A
  1. water proofing
  2. vitamin D synthesis
  3. thermoregulation
  4. sensation
  5. immune surveillance
  6. excretion
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11
Q

what are the layers of thin skin and thick skin?

A

thin skin

  1. stratum basale
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum corneum

in thick skin, there’s an extra layer (stratum lucidum) between 3 and 4

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12
Q

what are keratinocytes?

A

cells in all layers of the skin except stratum basale, that produce and store keratin

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13
Q

what is keratin?

A

Fibrous protein that gives rigidity to skin,nails, and hair

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14
Q

what gives skin water resistant properties?

A

keratin

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15
Q

interwining collagen fibers that bind stratum basale to dermis are known as …..

A

basement memebrane

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16
Q

what is the function of the dermal papilla?

A

increases the strength of the connection between epidermis and dermis

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17
Q

which cells are precursors for keratinocytes?

A

basal cells

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18
Q

what cells are present in the stratum basale?

A

keratinocytes: keratin → skin rigidity

merkel cells: receptors for sensory functions

melanocytes: melanin & protection from uv light

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19
Q

protruding cell processes that join cells via desmosomes are know as …..

A

stratum spinosum

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20
Q

true or false

stratum spinosum is comprised of 8-10 layers of keratinocytes

A

True, it also has langerhans

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21
Q

what is the function of langerhans in stratum spinosum?

A

acts as a macrophage, engulfing bacteria, foreign particles and damaged cells that occur in that layer

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22
Q

how is the skin water proof?

A

keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum produce keratin and a water replling glycolipid which helps retain water inside the body

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23
Q

what happens to keratinocytes when there are new ones?

A

they are pushed towards stratum granulosum

24
Q

what is the bulk of keratinocytes made up of?

A

keratohyalin (lamellar granules), and keratin

25
Q

what happens to skin cells when they disintegrate and die?

A

they leave behind keratin, keratohyalin, and cell membrane which make the next layers (lucidum and corneum), hair and nails.

26
Q

where is stratum lucidum present?

A

palms of the hands

soles of the feet

fingers

27
Q

keratinocytes in the stratum lucidum are dead and flat

A

read it again

28
Q

what is eleiden?

A

clear protein, rich in lipids derived from keratohyalin.

it acts as a barrier to water

29
Q

what is the superficial layer called? the one exposed to the environment

A

stratum corneum

30
Q

what is the function of stratum corneum?

A

prevents microbial penetration

mechanical protection against abrasion to deeper cells

31
Q

an entire layer is replaced every ……… weeks

A

4

32
Q

what does the hypodermis connect skin to?

A

bone and muscles

33
Q

what is responsible for pigmentation?

A

melanin

hemaglobin

carotene

34
Q

define a melanosome

A

vesicle that transfers melanin into keratinocytes

35
Q

list the forms of melanin

A

eumelanin:

  • associated with dark skin
  • protects DNA from UV ray damage & folic acid breakdown

pheomelanin

associated with red pigment

36
Q

list skin glands

A

sudoriferous glands:

sweat/merocrine glands

eccrine glands

deep in dermis/pores/water/salt/antibodies/metabolic waste/antimicrobial peptide

apocrine glands

duct empties in hair follice/associated with hair/thicker swear

sebaceous glands

oil gland/skin lubrication/generate sebum

37
Q

what are the benefits of sebum produced by sebaceous glands?

A

antibacterial properties

prevent water loss

however it is inactive at childhood

38
Q

what is hair?

A

a keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis

39
Q

function of the nail body

A

protect extremities from mechanical stress

back support for picking up objects

40
Q

what is hyponchium?

A

beneath the edge of the nail, consisting of thick stratum corneum

41
Q

what are the 3 layers of hair?

A

internal root sheath (surround root of growing haair to hair shaft)

glassy membrane (thick clear connective tissue sheath covering hair root)

external root sheath (extension of epidermis encloses hair root)

42
Q

what functions does the hair perform?

A

protection from the (head)

traps particles (eyebrows/nose)

prevent sweat from getting in the eyes (brows)

detection of insect presence

43
Q

what is responsible for goose bumps?

A

arrector pili, smooth muscle that contracts in response to nerve signals from sympathetic nervous system

44
Q

what do merocrine glands do?

A

they are involved in thermoregulation, cooling the body via secretions excreted by exocytosis through a duct not affecting the cells of the gland

45
Q

what do eccrine glands do?

A

produce hypotonic sweat for thermoregulation

46
Q

what are the phases of hair growth?

A

anagen: cell divide rapidly at root pushing hair out (2-7years)
catagen: transition from active growth to telogen phase (2-3weeks)
telogen: hair at rest, no new growth (2-4months)

47
Q

meissner corpuscle and pacinian corpuscle are associated with sensory function? allocated a sensation for each them

A

meissner corpuscle: light touch

pacinian corpuscle: vibration

48
Q

how does skin offer protection to the body?

A
  1. keratin layers and glycolipids in the stratum corneum make skin water resistant
  2. it is the first line of defense against direct contant with microbes and harmful chemicals
  3. produces sweat, which prevents microbes from colonizing the skin by generating dermacin which has antibacterial properties
49
Q

what is the sensory function of the skin?

A
  1. hair roots comprise plexuses that are able to sense changes in the external environment
  2. it has sensory nerves able to sense touch, heat, and pain
  3. meissner and pacinian corpuscles can sense vibration and light touch
50
Q

what makes skin a component of the immune system?

A

langerhans cells + dendritic cells + microbiome

51
Q

how does the body regulate its temperature in hot weather?

A

when in hot weather, glands produce excessive sweat which evaporates from the surface of the skin and dissipates heat. arterioles in the dermis vasodilate for heat to travel to the surface of the skin leaving skin red and dissipating heat

52
Q

how does the body regulate its temperature when its cold?

A

arterioles in the dermis constrict to prevent heat from leaving especially on the nose and extremities (passive heat loss)

53
Q

how is vitamin D synthesized in the skin?

A

after exposure to uv light, cholecalciferol is synthesized from cholesterol in the skin

the liver then converts cholecalciferol to calcidiol

which is then converted by the kidneys to calcitriol

54
Q

what is the role of vitamin D?

A
  • absorption of calcium and phosphorus
    • immunity against infection
55
Q

what is eczema?

A

allergic reaction that manifests as dry, itchy, patches of skin as rashes

56
Q

what is psoriasis?

A

decrease in oxidized lipids, perturbed barrier & hyperproliferation of keratinocytes

57
Q

what is ichthyosis?

A

mutation in lipid processing enzymes and hyperproliferation of keratinocytes

PH1124 Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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