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PH1124 Anatomy & Physiology > The Integument System > Flashcards

The Integument System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the term integument mean?

A

outer covering of the body (skin)

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2
Q

what are skin appendages?

A
  • nails
  • glands
  • hair
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3
Q

what are the 3 layers of the skin?

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

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4
Q

what cells are present in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes

corneocytes

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5
Q

true or false

the epidermis is lipid rich

A

true

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6
Q

true or false

the dermis is lipid poor

A

true

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7
Q

what is the dermis comprised of?

A

collagen and fibroblasts

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8
Q

what type of tissue is the hypodermis considered?

A

connective

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9
Q

what is the function of each layer of the skin?

A

Epidermis: protects from external harm

Dermis: thermoregulation/sensation

Hypodermis: attach skin to structures beneath it

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10
Q

what roles does the skin have?

A
  1. water proofing
  2. vitamin D synthesis
  3. thermoregulation
  4. sensation
  5. immune surveillance
  6. excretion
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11
Q

what are the layers of thin skin and thick skin?

A

thin skin

  1. stratum basale
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum corneum

in thick skin, there’s an extra layer (stratum lucidum) between 3 and 4

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12
Q

what are keratinocytes?

A

cells in all layers of the skin except stratum basale, that produce and store keratin

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13
Q

what is keratin?

A

Fibrous protein that gives rigidity to skin,nails, and hair

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14
Q

what gives skin water resistant properties?

A

keratin

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15
Q

interwining collagen fibers that bind stratum basale to dermis are known as …..

A

basement memebrane

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16
Q

what is the function of the dermal papilla?

A

increases the strength of the connection between epidermis and dermis

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17
Q

which cells are precursors for keratinocytes?

A

basal cells

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18
Q

what cells are present in the stratum basale?

A

keratinocytes: keratin → skin rigidity

merkel cells: receptors for sensory functions

melanocytes: melanin & protection from uv light

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19
Q

protruding cell processes that join cells via desmosomes are know as …..

A

stratum spinosum

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20
Q

true or false

stratum spinosum is comprised of 8-10 layers of keratinocytes

A

True, it also has langerhans

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21
Q

what is the function of langerhans in stratum spinosum?

A

acts as a macrophage, engulfing bacteria, foreign particles and damaged cells that occur in that layer

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22
Q

how is the skin water proof?

A

keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum produce keratin and a water replling glycolipid which helps retain water inside the body

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23
Q

what happens to keratinocytes when there are new ones?

A

they are pushed towards stratum granulosum

24
Q

what is the bulk of keratinocytes made up of?

A

keratohyalin (lamellar granules), and keratin

25
what happens to skin cells when they disintegrate and die?
they leave behind keratin, keratohyalin, and cell membrane which make the next layers (lucidum and corneum), hair and nails.
26
where is stratum lucidum present?
palms of the hands soles of the feet fingers
27
keratinocytes in the stratum lucidum are dead and flat
read it again
28
what is eleiden?
clear protein, rich in lipids derived from keratohyalin. it acts as a barrier to water
29
what is the superficial layer called? the one exposed to the environment
stratum corneum
30
what is the function of stratum corneum?
prevents microbial penetration mechanical protection against abrasion to deeper cells
31
an entire layer is replaced every ……… weeks
4
32
what does the hypodermis connect skin to?
bone and muscles
33
what is responsible for pigmentation?
melanin hemaglobin carotene
34
define a melanosome
vesicle that transfers melanin into keratinocytes
35
list the forms of melanin
**eumelanin**: * associated with dark skin * protects DNA from UV ray damage & folic acid breakdown **pheomelanin** associated with red pigment
36
list skin glands
**sudoriferous glands:** sweat/merocrine glands **eccrine glands** deep in dermis/pores/water/salt/antibodies/metabolic waste/antimicrobial peptide **apocrine glands** duct empties in hair follice/associated with hair/thicker swear **sebaceous glands** oil gland/skin lubrication/generate sebum
37
what are the benefits of sebum produced by sebaceous glands?
antibacterial properties prevent water loss however it is inactive at childhood
38
what is hair?
a keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis
39
function of the nail body
protect extremities from mechanical stress back support for picking up objects
40
what is hyponchium?
beneath the edge of the nail, consisting of thick stratum corneum
41
what are the 3 layers of hair?
**internal root sheath** (surround root of growing haair to hair shaft) ## Footnote **glassy membrane** (thick clear connective tissue sheath covering hair root) **external root sheath** (extension of epidermis encloses hair root)
42
what functions does the hair perform?
protection from the (head) traps particles (eyebrows/nose) prevent sweat from getting in the eyes (brows) detection of insect presence
43
what is responsible for goose bumps?
arrector pili, smooth muscle that contracts in response to nerve signals from sympathetic nervous system
44
what do merocrine glands do?
they are involved in thermoregulation, cooling the body via secretions excreted by exocytosis through a duct not affecting the cells of the gland
45
what do eccrine glands do?
produce hypotonic sweat for thermoregulation
46
what are the phases of hair growth?
anagen: cell divide rapidly at root pushing hair out (2-7years) catagen: transition from active growth to telogen phase (2-3weeks) telogen: hair at rest, no new growth (2-4months)
47
meissner corpuscle and pacinian corpuscle are associated with sensory function? allocated a sensation for each them
meissner corpuscle: light touch pacinian corpuscle: vibration
48
how does skin offer protection to the body?
1. keratin layers and glycolipids in the stratum corneum make skin water resistant 2. it is the first line of defense against direct contant with microbes and harmful chemicals 3. produces sweat, which prevents microbes from colonizing the skin by generating dermacin which has antibacterial properties
49
what is the sensory function of the skin?
1. hair roots comprise plexuses that are able to sense changes in the external environment 2. it has sensory nerves able to sense touch, heat, and pain 3. meissner and pacinian corpuscles can sense vibration and light touch
50
what makes skin a component of the immune system?
langerhans cells + dendritic cells + microbiome
51
how does the body regulate its temperature in hot weather?
when in hot weather, glands produce excessive sweat which evaporates from the surface of the skin and dissipates heat. arterioles in the dermis vasodilate for heat to travel to the surface of the skin leaving skin red and dissipating heat
52
how does the body regulate its temperature when its cold?
arterioles in the dermis constrict to prevent heat from leaving especially on the nose and extremities (passive heat loss)
53
how is vitamin D synthesized in the skin?
after exposure to uv light, cholecalciferol is synthesized from cholesterol in the skin the liver then converts cholecalciferol to calcidiol which is then converted by the kidneys to calcitriol
54
what is the role of vitamin D?
* absorption of calcium and phosphorus * immunity against infection
55
what is eczema?
allergic reaction that manifests as dry, itchy, patches of skin as rashes
56
what is psoriasis?
decrease in oxidized lipids, perturbed barrier & hyperproliferation of keratinocytes
57
what is ichthyosis?
mutation in lipid processing enzymes and hyperproliferation of keratinocytes

PH1124 Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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