The Instructional Process Flashcards
Ch. 2
this technique improves listening skills by structuring how a person listens and responds to the person who is talking
active listening
controls the development of emotions, values, and attitudes
affective domain
the process of inspecting something critically
analyzing
consist of genuine objects or articles created by a person
artifacts
process of gathering data to determine the extent to which learning goals have been met
assessment
this device amplifies the teacher’s speech so that it can be heard clearly by students
audio aid
describes how rewards and punishments condition student behavior and learning
behaviorism
is an unfair inclination toward a person or idea that invalidates objectivity
bias
classifies cognitive processes from simple to abstract
Bloom’s taxonomy
this is the process of generating ideas related to a specific problem or concept
brainstorming
this is the practice of sorting into groups by characteristics
categorize
this is the practice of omitting words from the text as a reading comprehension activity
cloze procedure
this training occurs when one person receives support from another toward the achievement of a goal
coaching
the ways students process new information, store knowledge, and retrieve it to apply to new circumstances fall within this domain
cognitive domain
this is when students note the similarities between two or more things
compare
learning activities are facilitated through computer technology
computer-mediated instruction
a form of learning that involves classifying information by topic
concept learning
this is the practice of using graphic organizers to present thoughts or information
concept mapping
students construct their own knowledge through learning experience
constructivism
this is when students note the differences between two or more things
contrast
this form of thinking describes cognitive processes, such as brainstorming, that are designed to generate new thoughts, ideas, and solutions
creative thinking
this form of thinking involves looking at evidence from an objective viewpoint to make inferences or draw conclusions
critical thinking
are formal discussions about opposing arguments
debates
certain conclusions are drawn by using known information and narrowing it to a specific circumstance
deductive reasoning
this is the practice of providing evidence of an observable conclusion
demonstration
this form of teaching is centered on the teacher and instruction is based on disseminating facts
direct teaching
students perform experiments or research information to comprehend new concepts
discovery learning
this type of learning involves provisions for educating students that re not in attendance at a school facility
distance learning
this is the opportunity to learn objectives at a deeper level than outlined in the curriculum standards
enrichment
this is when something or someone is assessed
evaluate
this type of learning happens through experiences and may include hands-on learning
experiential learning
this centers on focused and unambiguous teaching of a specific skill or standard
explicit teaching
these are external rewards, such as trinkets, praise, or recognition, bestowed upon someone for doing a good job
extrinsic rewards
this is the practice of applying what is known from a small sample and assuming it to be true about a larger group
generalize
this movement is intended to nonverbally convey meaning
gesture
students practice a new concept with scaffolded support from the teacher
guided practice
learning experiences are completed autonomously by the student
independent learning
this term describes student-centered instruction in which the teacher facilitates opportunities for students to construct their own learning
indirect teaching
likely conclusions are drawn by putting together known concepts and applying them to a new situation
inductive reasoning
students draw a conclusion using reasoning skills
infer
is the process of finding answers to questions
inquiry
this framework entails a plan for achieving goals in all subject areas by combining content across disciplines
integrative framework
this learning approach relies heavily on social interaction and cooperative grouping
interactive learning
this is a unit of study in which content from all subject areas is integrated
interdisciplinary unit
learners are internally satisfied by doing work because it is interesting, challenging, or relevant, or makes them feel successful
intrinsic rewards
these centers are segments of the classroom in which independent learning activities are provided to students
learning centers
these types of contracts are agreements negotiated between a student and a teacher, with possible input from other school personnel r parents, designed for the improvement of an objective
learning contracts
the three domains of learning are cognitive, affective, and psychomotor
learning domain
this is teacher-led instruction; the teacher talks while the students listen and possibly take notes
lecture
this objective establishes the student’s learning goals for a lesson
lesson objective
these are statements or questions that provide instructional focus when listening to a lecture or other form of auditory instruction
listening guides
information is stored for a long period of time and may be recalled
long-term memory
these include items that students are able to move or change during hands-on instruction
manipulatives
this is the practice of graphically organizing thoughts by starting with a main idea and organizing thoughts and ideas around the main idea
mapping
this is a cognitive process of storing and retrieving information that has been learned
memory
involves demonstrating for others so that they can learn through mimicry
modeling
these include representations or examples
models
the teacher uses gestures or other physical prompts to assist students
nonverbal prompting
this is a certified professional who assesses and provides treatments for the development of life skills among disabled individuals
occupational therapist
this is a type of instruction in which a teacher works with one individual student on a concept
one-on-one
students work with a partner to discuss learning as it is taking place
pair-share
this is a trained teacher assistant
paraprofessional
this is the practice of using social interaction among students to promote learning goals
peer practice
this type of therapist is a certified professional who evaluates and treats mobility issues
physical therapist
this involves having forethought in implementation and design to achieve a desired outcome
plannign
this is the act of anticipating what will happen
predict
children learn by solving open-ended questions
problem-based learning
this is the process of finding answers to difficult questions
problem-solving
controls motor skill development
psychomotor domain
is used to penalize for the purpose of extinguishing behavior
punishment
involves inquiries that are used to help focus instruction and assess understanding
questioning
these guides include statements or questions that lead students through the text, providing instructional focus
reading guides
this is the act of retrieving facts
recall
this theory by Albert Bandura states that behavior is determined by a combination of cognitive factors, the environment, and stimuli
reciprocal determinism
the teacher hears a speaker and then repeats back the meaning behind his or her words in order to clarify understanding
reflective listening
this is the process of strengthening behavior through rewards or consequences
reinforcement
the additional support provided to regular education students to bridge gaps in learning
remediation
these types of projects are studies of specific concepts using scientific principles for gathering information
research projects
the learner or listener repeats what has been learned using his or her own wording
restatement
this involves using play-acting to demonstrate a concept
role-play
this term describes the supports that allow a child to work above his or her independent level and are gradually removed as the learner gains mastery
scaffolds
this term indicates the framework of understanding in a child’s brain
schema
outlines the learning objectives that will be taught to students, including all supporting standards and the level of complexity
scope
refers to the order in which learning objectives are taught to maximize student success
sequence
information enters the conscious memory but is not stored for recall at a later time
short-term memory
these models mimic real-world processes
simulations
instruction is provided to a group composed of learners with similar instructional needs
small group
this type of therapist is a certified professional who diagnoses and treats communication disorders
speech therapist
this form of education involves a set of learning outcomes clearly set by the district and state that all students are expected to achieve
standards-based education
when an individual provides a condensed version of a story of an explanation
summarize
this is the process of combining information from various sources and applying it to a new area
synthesize
an unplanned event occurs, triggering interest in learning more about a related topic
teachable moment
this kind of unit involves integrating curricula across content areas under a general theme
thematic unit
this is processing time that a learner takes after receiving new information before responding to it
think time
the teacher uses words or beginning phonemes to assist students
verbal prompting
this theory by Albert Bandura involves learning by observing the consequences to others that evokes emotion from the observer
vicarious learning
these guides include statements or questions that provide instructional focus while students are watching films or clips
viewing guides
this is something that can be shown to students to accompany text or speech in order to clarify meaning
visual aid
this is a change of pitch or tone to express meaning
vocal inflection
this involves emphasizing a word or words to convey meaning
vocal stress
this involves a certain way of sounding that expresses meaning
vocal tone
this is processing time that is intentionally provided by the teacher after asking a question to give learners think think time
wait time
instruction is delivered to all of the students in the class at the same. time in the same way
whole class
