The Industrial Revolution Flashcards
The Industrial Revolution, the increased urbanization of industrial societies, posed challenges and presented opportunities for both government and culture. This deck reviews the efforts of civil authorities to cope with the challenges of industrialization, the rise of realism, and the efforts of political theorists to respond to the new challenges.
Define:
Romanticism
The Romantic Movement was a cultural movement prevalent in the first half of the 19th century, and emphasized the importance of emotion over reason. Romanticism influenced art, music, philosophy, and religion.
How did Romantics view nature?
Unlike Enlightenment thinkers, who sought to understand nature, Romantics drew inspiration from nature’s beauty.
Depictions of the natural world dominated the art of the Romantic Era, driven by a desire to appeal to the viewer’s emotion rather than reason.
What Romantic British poet’s works include Don Juan and Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage?
Lord Byron, who wrote primarily between 1812 and 1824, when he died of fever while fighting in the Greek War of Independence. One of the most prominent of the Romantic poets, he set Don Juan in the archaic and exotic Spain.
One of the most popular Romantic writers, Sir _____ _____ set his stories in the Scottish Highlands.
Walter Scott
In his works, Scott portrayed the Highland Scots as noble, exotic, and ultimately doomed.
In Faust, romantic writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe describes the sale of the main character’s soul to the _____.
Devil
Unlike the pragmatic writers of the Enlightenment, many Romantic writers took for their subject spiritual themes, such as God or the Devil.
What composer do music historians commonly regard as the most renowned of Romantic composers?
Ludwig van Beethoven is widely considered the most prominent of the Romantic composers; his works appeal to his listeners’ emotion.
Music during the Romantic period did not differ a great deal from previous periods, but it did contain more soaring melodies designed to inspire emotion from the listener.
What Romantic Polish composer wrote his “Revolutionary Étude” in support of his country’s November Uprising of 1831?
Frédéric Chopin
Chopin was outside of Poland at the time of the uprising, and avoided its subsequent brutal repression by Russian and Polish troops. His work seethes with emotion for his subjugated country.
In a collection of four operas known as The Ring Cycle, Romantic German composer _____ _____ drew inspiration from Norse myths and the Nibelungenlied, an early German poem.
Richard Wagner
Like Wagner, many Romantic writers, artists, poets, and composers drew inspiration from their country’s mythical past, emphasizing both emotive and nationalistic themes.
Although he composed a number of works (such as The Nutcracker), Russian Romantic composer Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky’s most famous work may be the _____ _____, written to celebrate his country’s defeat of Napoleon.
1812 Overture
Written in 1880, the 1812 Overture is loud, boisterous, and designed to stir emotions of patriotism within the listener. The 1812 Overture remains popular today, especially as Tchaikovsky included cannons in his musical score.
Who was Immanuel Kant?
Immanuel Kant was a German Enlightenment philosopher. In his Critique of Pure Reason, Kant argued that science and nature were two separate spheres, and that while science could describe the natural world, it could never be a guide to moral behavior.
Instead, Kant suggested that moral behavior was guided by the “categorical imperative,” an instinct placed by God in man’s mind.
How did Jeremy Bentham propose that a law or institution should be analyzed?
Bentham, the founder of the Utilitarians, proposed that the utility of any law or institution should be measured on the principle of “the greatest happiness for the greatest number.”
What did German philosopher G.W.F. Hegel mean when he suggested that progress occurs via the “dialectic”?
Hegel proposed the dialectic as a means of studying humanity’s progress. Hegel’s dialectic held that a prevailing idea (thesis) would be challenged by an opposing view (antithesis) to create a whole new idea (synthesis).
What was the Enclosure Movement?
Beginning in the late 1700s, British landowners began to erect fences on their property, enclosing them and blocking off land previously available for grazing and farming.
How did the Enclosure Movement affect Britain’s cities?
During the late 1700s and early 1800s, the Enclosure Movement displaced many small farmers, who moved to Britain’s cities to look for work, increasing Britain’s urban population and providing it with a large pool of available and inexpensive workers.
Between 1750 and 1850, the population of Great Britain tripled to 30 million. Why?
There were a number of reasons why the British population exploded. Increased agriculture technology made food cheaper and more abundant, leading to an increased birthrate and larger families.
The death rate fell, as disease became better understood and vaccines, such as the one for smallpox, were developed. The increased birthrate meant that there was an increased labor supply, providing the manpower for Britain’s Industrial Revolution.
By the early 1800s, Britain possessed the world’s foremost _____ system, which allowed for efficient investment of excess capital in industry and trade.
banking
The development of the British banking system was spurred in part by the financial exigencies of Britain’s wars with France as the Bank of England was responsible for raising the necessary funds for Britain’s armed forces. In turn, the Bank of England became responsible for issuing currency backed by gold reserves.
In the late 18th century, cotton replaced wool as the preferred cloth of Britons for clothing. Why was cotton preferable?
Cotton was preferable to wool because cotton was lighter and had less of a tendency to retain moisture during the cold British winters.
Global demand for cotton cloth kept pace, and cotton became the first product of Britain’s Industrial Revolution, as British entrepreneurs financed technological developments to increase production.
During the early years of Britain’s Industrial Revolution, what was the primary power source used to create textiles?
Early British textile companies were powered by water; inventions such as Richard Arkwright’s water frame and Edmund Cartwright’s power loom used waterpower from streams and rivers as the motive force for production.
Textile production required manufacturers both to be close to a water source and have a central location where the means of production could be housed; the first modern factories developed next to Britain’s rivers and streams.
