The Impact of Scots on the Empire

Question 1

Contribution of Scots to the Economy - Canada

Answer 1

• Controlled fur trade. Hudson’s Bay Company dominated, particularly George Simpson who eventually co-governed.
• George Stephen at Bank of Montreal financed & engineered transatlantic Canadian Pacific railway 1885 → attracted immigrants to settle land around railway.
• Brought new farming facts e.g. crop rotation → improved amount produced.
• 20s ¼ Canada’s business leaders born Scottish.
• First Canadian PM Sir John A Macdonald supported transatlantic railway to bring people together & increase economy,

Question 2

Contribution of Scots to the Economy - Australia

Answer 2

• John Macarthur introduced first Merino sheep. Australian Merino wool became world famous & subsequent sheep farming brought great deal of wealth.
• George Russel, Fife managed 8000 head sheep & almost 300 cattle in Van Diemen’s land (Tasmania) 1839. Earned annual salary £100 & share of profits each year. Left £318000.
• Scots invested in mining & 1850s gold rush. Scottish miners travelled to Australia. After gold was discovered in Victoria and New South Wales, many gold camps recognisably Scottish.
• Mceacharn first successful transportation of refrigerated meat to Britain. Provided ships carrying emigrants to Australia. Major impact on Australian economy.
• Contributed to wine industry e.g. McWilliam family developed vineyards in 6 regions in 3 states.

Question 3

Contribution of Scots to the Economy - New Zealand

Answer 3

• Scottish merchants in Dunedin founded banks & financial institutions in Otago region
• By 1891, 25% of UK born population Scottish. ⅓ emigrants Scots by 1920s.
• Founded paper making industry & important engineers & shipbuilders - Henry Nicol, Greenock set up a shipyard, over 130 ships built.

Question 4

Contribution of Scots to the Economy - India

Answer 4

• 1st Marquess of Dalhousie made Governor General of India 1848-56. Developed a plan to develop a railway line. Also encouraged development of the national postal system as well as schools, roads & irrigation schemes, such developments both modernised & unified India. Dalhousie actively pursued a policy of ‘lapse and annexation’ where if the ruling Indian King of a province did not have an heir, the British took over their land.
• Charles James Napier Scottish Solider credited with creating a police force.

Question 5

Impact of Scots on the Religious and Cultural Development of the Empire
- Canada

Answer 5

• Populated wild areas, named rivers, mountains & lonely outposts e.g. Eastern Ontario many examples of Scottish place names (Nova Scotia & Glasgow).
• 3rd biggest ethnic group Canada & Nova Scotia flag featured Lion Rampant.
• In Cape Breton, continued to speak Gaelic & Gaelic newspapers. Gaelic college & music kept alive. Highland games, bagpipes, tartan, ceilidh.
• Thomas McCulloch first principal Pictou Academy, Nova Scotia & ensured curriculum based on that taught at Glasgow Uni.
• Brought golf & curling which formed into ice hockey.

Question 6

Impact of Scots on the Religious and Cultural Development of the Empire
- Australia

Answer 6

• Victoria there were many Presbyterian secondary schools & Melbourne Academy known as Scotch College. Alexander Morrison headmaster & changed curriculum to be like Elgin Academy.
• National songs “waltzing matilda”
• Andrew Fisher Prime Minister 1908.

Question 7

Impact of Scots on the Religious and Cultural Development of the Empire - New Zealand

Answer 7

• Presbyterians created Dunedin, which became important settlement. Streets Scottish names.
• Presbyterian established strong community in Otago province.
• NZ first university Otago 1869 curriculum based on Scotland. 1875 first medical school opened, first head of medicine John Scott.
• Caledonian games, porridge scones, hogmanay.

Question 8

Impact of Scots on the Religious and Cultural Development of the Empire - India

Answer 8

• Reverend Alexander Duff linked with founding of Calcutta Uni 1857 & first medical school. Set up girls’ schools.
• Dalhoussie banned thuggee & suttee in lands taken over by British.
• Religious missions. If Indians were educated they would see truth of god words in bible & help convert population.

Question 9

Impact of Scots on Native Societies - Canada

Answer 9

• Early co-operation emigrants explored new areas & traded with natives. Some intermarried, early fur traders followed by settlers & helped emigrants to survive harsh winter. Natives taught skills (canoe building, snowshoe making, recognising animal sounds and reading weather changes).
• Dr John Rae, Orkney discovered NorthWest Passage. Could’nt have survived had he not formed relationships with natives.
• As number of settlers increased, natives pushed away. Metis people retaliated North West rebellion 1885 but leader executed.

Question 10

Impact of Scots on Native Societies - Australia

Answer 10

• Angus McMillan explored Gippsland Area of Victoria w/ aboriginal guide. 1843 leading part in Warrigal Creek Massacre 60-150 natives killed.
• Robert M Lyon requested establishment of ‘native villages’ in each province to keep cultures alive.
• Scots prominent in wool production. Creation of farms led to loss of land for natives.
• Aboriginal Scot Douglas Grant, adopted by Scot, went to Scots college & played in pipe band.

Question 11

Impact of Scots on Native Societies - New Zealand

Answer 11

• Maori population fell 150, 000 1800 to 37000 1872 as result of struggle over land rights.
• 1840 British Gov asked Maori protection & treaty of Waitangi signed. Both parties different views of what it meant to own land.
• Farmers wanted land for sheep farms which had a negative impact on Maori traditional life.

Question 12

Impact of Scots on Native Societies - India

Answer 12

• James Dalhousie, Governor-General of India banned Suttee & Thuggee. Pushed for change in attitudes towards women e.g. female schools.
• Indian mutiny 1857. Scottish soldiers important in helping crush Indian mutiny. Sir Colin Campbell credited with quick suppression of the mutiny.