The Immune System

Question 1

T cells and their importance

Answer 1

CD4 cells are primary and tell us how strong the immune system is
CD8 killers cells kill antigens
Memory cells T cells duplicate CD8 cells persist in lymph nodes to quickly

Question 2

Why are T cells called T cells

Answer 2

Because they mature in the thymus

Question 3

Why are B cells called B cells

Answer 3

They mature in the bone marrow

Question 4

The body’s own immune system inexplicably starts fighting against itself destroying antibodies

Answer 4

Autoimmune disorders

Question 5

The immune system is deficient in antibody production often due to a defect in the thymus gland

Answer 5

Immune deficiency disorders excluding HIV

Question 6

The immune system is deficient in antibody production due to the specific HIV virus and thus susceptible to opportunistic diseases

Answer 6

Human immunodeficiency virus HIV

Question 7

Only two listings that apply to immune deficiency

Answer 7

14. 07 Immune Deficiency disorders

14. 11 human immunodeficiency virus infection

Question 8

What are the constitutional signs and symptoms

Answer 8

Severe fatigue (>=1 mo)
Fever (100.4 degrees >=1 mo)
Malaise (>=1 mo)
Involuntary weight loss (at least 10%)

Question 9

Hallmark features of Systemic lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

Answer 9

Inflammatory tissue disease
Widespread breakdown of the tissues of the small blood vessels and capillaries
Raynaud’s disease can come along with this

Question 10

Signs and symptoms of lupus (SLE)

Answer 10

Fatigue, joint pain, and swelling, fever, butterfly facial rash, sensitivity to sunlight and constitutional symptoms

Question 11

Common things you see in lupus (SLE)

Answer 11

Plural effusions, heart problems, lupus nephritis, arthritis, Raynaud’s phenomenon

Question 12

Lab findings for lupus (SLE)

Answer 12

CBC-make indicate anemia, low wbc, or low platelet count
ESR-May be elevated
ANA-positive ana indicates auto antibioties are present
Urinalysis-increased protein level or RBC in the urine

Question 13

Treatment for SLE

Answer 13

Corticosteroid hormones
NSAIDS
Cytotoxic drugs
Anti-malarials 
Avoidance of excess sunlight

Question 14

A chronic inflammatory condition that is limited to the skin and is caused by an autoimmune disease
Approximately 10% of those diagnosed develop SLE

Answer 14

Discoid Lupus

Question 15

Has an overlap and may start out as something else

Answer 15

Lupus

Question 16

Inflammation of blood vessels

Tends to attack oxygen carrying arteries and the aorta is its biggest victim so you would need an angiogram

Answer 16

System vasculitis

Question 17

Gardening or thickening of the skin

Raynaud’s phenomenon is the most common symptom which means you’ll have joint pains, fine and gross limitations

Answer 17

Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis)

Question 18

Lab evidence needed for scleroderma

Answer 18

Ana, rf, esr, urinalysis, biopsy, ct, cxr, echo

Question 19

Can be more progressive and slow moving with much of the same signs and symptoms as scleroderma

Answer 19

CREST syndrome

Question 20

C
R
E
S
T

Answer 20

Calcinous-calcium deposits of the skin
Raynaud’s phenomenon-spasm of the blood vessels in response to cold or stress
Esophageal dysfunction-acid reflux and decrease in motility of esophagus
Sclerodactyly-thickening and tightening of the skin on the fingers and hands
Telanglectasias-dictation of the capillaries causing red marks on surface of the skin

Question 21

AKA: Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy

Disease of the muscle fibers causing striated muscle tissue inflammation and weakness

Answer 21

Polymyositis and dermatomyositis

Question 22

Symmetrical motor weakness in the muscle closest to the trunk of the body

Answer 22

Polymyositis

Question 23

Dusky red rash

Answer 23

Dermatomyositis

Question 24

Lab evidence of polymyositis and dermatomyositis

Answer 24

Bloodwork, emg, mri, muscle biopsy-biggest issue

Question 25

An individual has a combination of symptoms from several different autoimmune diseases, but does not meet the diagnostic criteria for any particular disorder

Answer 25

Undifferentiated and mixed connective tissue disease

Question 26

Most common signs of undifferentiated and mixed connective tissue disease

Answer 26

Constitutional symptoms, cold and numb fingers and toes, symmetrical joint deformity and muscle pain

Question 27

Organs affected in undifferentiated and mixed connective tissue disease

Answer 27

Skin, muscles, joints, lungs, GI, kidneys, CNS, heart

Question 28

Immune deficiency disorders excluding HIV infection

Answer 28

Primary immune disease | Acquired immune deficiency

Question 29

Disease is due to genetic mutations that are inherited causing deficiency in the ability to produce antibodies

Answer 29

Primary immune deficiency

Question 30

Disease is usually secondary to immune suppressing drugs or something outside the body such as a virus causing a deficiency in the ability to produce antibodies

Answer 30

Acquired immune deficiency

Question 31

Signs and symptoms of immune deficiency disorders excluding HIV

Answer 31

Constitutional symptoms, frequent infections, significant deterioration of organs, pneumocystis carinii, toxoplasmosis

Question 32

Common organs affected in immune deficiency disorders excluding HIV

Answer 32

Lungs, kidneys, blood, skin, brain and joints

Question 33

Lab findings for immune deficiency disorders excluding HIV

Answer 33

CBC tests Quantitative immunoglobulin tests Alternative testing

Question 34

Take advantage of a weakened immune system, and they can cause devastating illnesses

Answer 34

Opportunistic disease

Question 35

A form of autoimmune disease that cause pain, swelling stiffness and loss of function in the joints. Can affect any joint most common in the wrist and fingers

Answer 35

Inflammatory arthritis

Question 36

Can affect body parts besides joints, such as eyes, mouth, and lungs Caused by autoimmune disease, not general wear and tear AKA rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 36

Inflammatory arthritis

Question 37

Fixated at 45* or more of flexion or Fixated at 30* or more of flexion (but less than 45*) Involvement other than the joint, two or more symptoms

Answer 37

Ankylosing spondylitis

Question 38

Immune mediated disorder of the exocrine glands | Lacrimal and salivary glands become infiltrated with WBCs which cause them to dry up and produce less moisture

Answer 38

Sjögren’s syndrome

Question 39

Most common symptoms for Sjögren’s syndrome

Answer 39

Dry eyes, dry mouth, persistent dry cough, difficulty swallowing, inability to speak, corneal damage, blepharitis, dentil carries, constitutional symptoms

Question 40

Lab evidence for Sjögren’s syndrome

Answer 40

Salivary gland biopsy, schirmers test of tear production

Question 41

Generally presents as a secondary impairment

Answer 41

Sjögren’s syndrome

Question 42

Treatment for Sjögren’s syndrome

Answer 42

Eye drops, frequent brushing and flossing, drugs to help with increased saliva, NSAIDS for arthritis

Question 43

Flu-like virus that is spread through exposure to bodily fluids, blood exposure, blood transfusions, unsterilized medical equipment or transplants, or from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery or child birth

Answer 43

Human immunodeficiency virus HIV

Question 44

Most common symptoms of human immunodeficiency virus

Answer 44

``` High viral load Presence of opportunistic infections Reduction in BMI Evidence of wasting 14.11I is a catch all 14.11H need hospitalizations ```

Question 45

Treatment for human immunodeficiency virus HIV

Answer 45

Treatment is tailored specifically for the individual | HAART

Question 46

``` H A A R T ```

Answer 46

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Question 47

Need dx with evidence acceptable with diagnosis

Answer 47

Human immunodeficiency virus HIV

Question 48

An organ that matures lymphocytes (B lymphocytes and Nk cells), filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach

Answer 48

Spleen

Question 49

An organ in which (T lymphocytes) grow and multiply. Is in the chest behind the breastbone

Answer 49

Thymus

Question 50

Two small masses of lymph tissue at the back of the throat. Lymphocytes mature here

Answer 50

Tonsils

Question 51

Glands located in the roof of the mouth behind soft palate where the nose connects to the throat. Produce antibodies

Answer 51

Adenoids

Question 52

The soft, spongy tissue in the center of large bones. Makes WBCs (B lymphocytes), RBCs, plasma and platelets

Answer 52

Bone marrow