The Immune System Flashcards
T cells and their importance
CD4 cells are primary and tell us how strong the immune system is
CD8 killers cells kill antigens
Memory cells T cells duplicate CD8 cells persist in lymph nodes to quickly
Why are T cells called T cells
Because they mature in the thymus
Why are B cells called B cells
They mature in the bone marrow
The body’s own immune system inexplicably starts fighting against itself destroying antibodies
Autoimmune disorders
The immune system is deficient in antibody production often due to a defect in the thymus gland
Immune deficiency disorders excluding HIV
The immune system is deficient in antibody production due to the specific HIV virus and thus susceptible to opportunistic diseases
Human immunodeficiency virus HIV
Only two listings that apply to immune deficiency
- 07 Immune Deficiency disorders
14. 11 human immunodeficiency virus infection
What are the constitutional signs and symptoms
Severe fatigue (>=1 mo)
Fever (100.4 degrees >=1 mo)
Malaise (>=1 mo)
Involuntary weight loss (at least 10%)
Hallmark features of Systemic lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Inflammatory tissue disease
Widespread breakdown of the tissues of the small blood vessels and capillaries
Raynaud’s disease can come along with this
Signs and symptoms of lupus (SLE)
Fatigue, joint pain, and swelling, fever, butterfly facial rash, sensitivity to sunlight and constitutional symptoms
Common things you see in lupus (SLE)
Plural effusions, heart problems, lupus nephritis, arthritis, Raynaud’s phenomenon
Lab findings for lupus (SLE)
CBC-make indicate anemia, low wbc, or low platelet count
ESR-May be elevated
ANA-positive ana indicates auto antibioties are present
Urinalysis-increased protein level or RBC in the urine
Treatment for SLE
Corticosteroid hormones NSAIDS Cytotoxic drugs Anti-malarials Avoidance of excess sunlight
A chronic inflammatory condition that is limited to the skin and is caused by an autoimmune disease
Approximately 10% of those diagnosed develop SLE
Discoid Lupus
Has an overlap and may start out as something else
Lupus
Inflammation of blood vessels
Tends to attack oxygen carrying arteries and the aorta is its biggest victim so you would need an angiogram
System vasculitis
Gardening or thickening of the skin
Raynaud’s phenomenon is the most common symptom which means you’ll have joint pains, fine and gross limitations
Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis)
Lab evidence needed for scleroderma
Ana, rf, esr, urinalysis, biopsy, ct, cxr, echo
Can be more progressive and slow moving with much of the same signs and symptoms as scleroderma
CREST syndrome
C R E S T
Calcinous-calcium deposits of the skin
Raynaud’s phenomenon-spasm of the blood vessels in response to cold or stress
Esophageal dysfunction-acid reflux and decrease in motility of esophagus
Sclerodactyly-thickening and tightening of the skin on the fingers and hands
Telanglectasias-dictation of the capillaries causing red marks on surface of the skin
AKA: Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy
Disease of the muscle fibers causing striated muscle tissue inflammation and weakness
Polymyositis and dermatomyositis
Symmetrical motor weakness in the muscle closest to the trunk of the body
Polymyositis
Dusky red rash
Dermatomyositis
Lab evidence of polymyositis and dermatomyositis
Bloodwork, emg, mri, muscle biopsy-biggest issue
An individual has a combination of symptoms from several different autoimmune diseases, but does not meet the diagnostic criteria for any particular disorder
Undifferentiated and mixed connective tissue disease
Most common signs of undifferentiated and mixed connective tissue disease
Constitutional symptoms, cold and numb fingers and toes, symmetrical joint deformity and muscle pain
Organs affected in undifferentiated and mixed connective tissue disease
Skin, muscles, joints, lungs, GI, kidneys, CNS, heart
Immune deficiency disorders excluding HIV infection
Primary immune disease
Acquired immune deficiency
Disease is due to genetic mutations that are inherited causing deficiency in the ability to produce antibodies
Primary immune deficiency
Disease is usually secondary to immune suppressing drugs or something outside the body such as a virus causing a deficiency in the ability to produce antibodies
Acquired immune deficiency
Signs and symptoms of immune deficiency disorders excluding HIV
Constitutional symptoms, frequent infections, significant deterioration of organs, pneumocystis carinii, toxoplasmosis
Common organs affected in immune deficiency disorders excluding HIV
Lungs, kidneys, blood, skin, brain and joints
Lab findings for immune deficiency disorders excluding HIV
CBC tests
Quantitative immunoglobulin tests
Alternative testing
Take advantage of a weakened immune system, and they can cause devastating illnesses
Opportunistic disease
A form of autoimmune disease that cause pain, swelling stiffness and loss of function in the joints. Can affect any joint most common in the wrist and fingers
Inflammatory arthritis
Can affect body parts besides joints, such as eyes, mouth, and lungs
Caused by autoimmune disease, not general wear and tear
AKA rheumatoid arthritis
Inflammatory arthritis
Fixated at 45* or more of flexion or
Fixated at 30* or more of flexion (but less than 45*)
Involvement other than the joint, two or more symptoms
Ankylosing spondylitis
Immune mediated disorder of the exocrine glands
Lacrimal and salivary glands become infiltrated with WBCs which cause them to dry up and produce less moisture
Sjögren’s syndrome
Most common symptoms for Sjögren’s syndrome
Dry eyes, dry mouth, persistent dry cough, difficulty swallowing, inability to speak, corneal damage, blepharitis, dentil carries, constitutional symptoms
Lab evidence for Sjögren’s syndrome
Salivary gland biopsy, schirmers test of tear production
Generally presents as a secondary impairment
Sjögren’s syndrome
Treatment for Sjögren’s syndrome
Eye drops, frequent brushing and flossing, drugs to help with increased saliva, NSAIDS for arthritis
Flu-like virus that is spread through exposure to bodily fluids, blood exposure, blood transfusions, unsterilized medical equipment or transplants, or from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery or child birth
Human immunodeficiency virus HIV
Most common symptoms of human immunodeficiency virus
High viral load Presence of opportunistic infections Reduction in BMI Evidence of wasting 14.11I is a catch all 14.11H need hospitalizations
Treatment for human immunodeficiency virus HIV
Treatment is tailored specifically for the individual
HAART
H A A R T
Highly
Active
Antiretroviral
Therapy
Need dx with evidence acceptable with diagnosis
Human immunodeficiency virus HIV
An organ that matures lymphocytes (B lymphocytes and Nk cells), filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach
Spleen
An organ in which (T lymphocytes) grow and multiply. Is in the chest behind the breastbone
Thymus
Two small masses of lymph tissue at the back of the throat. Lymphocytes mature here
Tonsils
Glands located in the roof of the mouth behind soft palate where the nose connects to the throat. Produce antibodies
Adenoids
The soft, spongy tissue in the center of large bones. Makes WBCs (B lymphocytes), RBCs, plasma and platelets
Bone marrow
