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Immunology > The Immune System > Flashcards

The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Role of macrophage and which type of immunity?

A

Effector cells of the innate immune system

They phagocytose bacteria and secrete both pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators

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2
Q

Role of dendritic cells and which type of immunity?

A

Antigen-presenting cells of the innate immune system

They capture, process, and present antigens to lymphocytes to initiate and regulate the adaptive immune response

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3
Q

Role of neutrophils and which type of immunity?

A

Innate immune system

Phagocytoses pathogens, generating toxic superoxide and its metabolites, releasing antimicrobial peptides, and forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).

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4
Q

Role of NK cells and which type of immunity?

A

Innate immune system

Kill virally infected cells via the directed release of lytic granules or by inducing death receptor-mediated apoptosis via the expression of Fas ligand or TRAIL

Lytic granules = perforin or granzymes

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5
Q

Which type of immunity does the complement system act in?

A

Innate immune system

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6
Q

Role of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and which type of immunity?

A

Innate & adaptive immune system

Intercellular messengers send soluble regulatory signals that initiate or prevent inflammatory responses to pathogens and injury

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7
Q

Difference between cytokines and chemokines?

A

Cytokines = large and diverse group of pro- or anti-inflammatory factors

Grouped into families based upon their structural homology or that of their receptors.

Chemokines = group of secreted proteins within the cytokine family whose generic function is to induce cell migration

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8
Q

Role of T helper cells and which type of immunity?

A

Adaptive immune system

Stimulate B-cells to make antibodies and help killer cells develop

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9
Q

Role of cytotoxic T cells and which type of immunity?

A

Adaptive immune system

Cytotoxic CD8 T cells kill by releasing two types of preformed cytotoxic protein:

granzymes, which seem able to induce apoptosis in any type of target cell

pore-forming protein perforin, which punches holes in the target-cell membrane through which the granzymes can enter.

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10
Q

Role of B cells and which type of immunity?

A

Adaptive immune system

Producing antibodies, activate T cells via APCs, supporting other mononuclear cells and contributing to inflammatory pathways directly via cytokine production

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11
Q

Role of antibodies and which type of immunity?

A

Adaptive immunity

Binds to pathogens.

Activates the immune system in case of bacterial pathogens.

Directly attacks viral pathogens.

Assists in phagocytosis.

Antibody provides long-term protection against pathogens because it persists for years after the presence of the antigen.

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12
Q

What makes up the complement system?

A

Variety of distinct plasma proteins

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13
Q

What does the complement system do?

A

Rupturing cell wall of bacteria = classical complement pathway

Opsonize antigens = alternative complement pathway

Induce inflammatory responses = lectin pathway

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14
Q

What is haematopoisesis?

A

Formation and development of WBCs and RBCs from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

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15
Q

What do the hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into?

A

Lymphoid progenitor

Myeloid progenitor

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16
Q

What are the 4 things myeloid progenitors differentiate into?

A

Erythroblasts
Monocytes
Platelets
Granulocytes

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17
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into?

A

Macrophages
Dendritic cells

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18
Q

What do lymphoid progenitors differentiate into?

A

B & T cells
NK cells
Dendritic cells

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19
Q

Where are dendritic cells differentiated from?

A

Both lymphoid progenitor & myeloid progenitor

Myeloid progenitor -> Monocyte -> dendritic cell

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20
Q

Where do T & B cells go once they mature?

A

Move to secondary lymphoid organs

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21
Q

What does immunocompetent mean?

A

Lymphocytes can respond to the antigen

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22
Q

When do lymphocytes become immunocompetent?

A

Once they have matured

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23
Q

What is the main function of secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Sites of interaction between immunocompetent cells and antigens = TRAP ANTIGENS

24
Q

Where do lymph nodes trap antigens?

A

Intracellular fluids

25
Q

Where do the antigens the spleen trap come from?

A

From blood

26
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

27
Q

What does GALT stand for?

A

Gut-associated lyphoid tissue

28
Q

Where do the antigens MALT traps come from?

A

Mucous membrane surfaces

29
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen
MALT
GALT
Peripheral lymphoid

30
Q

Name the 4 MALTs

A

Nasopharangeal
Tonsilar
Broncchial
All lymph nodes

31
Q

What fluid turns into lymph?

A

Interstitial fluid = ECF

32
Q

Role of the lymphatic system?

A

Maintenance of fluid balance

Enhancement and facilitation of the immune system

33
Q

What does the collecting lymphatic vessel have?

A

Valves

34
Q

How do lymphocytes enter the lymph node?

A

High endothelial venule cells

35
Q

Where does the efferent lymphatic vessel come from and lead to?

A

From peripheral lymph node

To thoracic duct

36
Q

Where does thoracic duct drain into?

A

Drains into subclavian vein

Drains all lymph from lower half of body

37
Q

Do blood and lymph mix?

A

Not directly = interact across thin cellular layers with high surface area

38
Q

What is the B cell area in the lymph node called?

A

Lymphoid follicles

39
Q

What makes up a lymphoid follicle?

A

Germinal centre
Mantle layer

40
Q

What is the T cell area in the lymph node called?

A

Paracortex

41
Q

Are high endothelial venules found in all secondary lymphoid organs?

A

No, they are not found in the spleen

Where blood exits through open arterioles and enters the red pulp

42
Q

What is recirculation important for?

A

Organised immune surveillance

43
Q

Who discovered the immunological importance of lymphocytes?

A

James L. Gowans identified lymphocytes as the cellular units of clonal selection in adaptive immunity

44
Q

What was James Gowans experiment and conclusion?

A

Collected lymphocytes from thoracic duct & labelled them with radioactive isotopes

Noticed they would dissapear from circulation = when they would go to secondary lymphatic organs

45
Q

What does PAMPs stand for?

A

Pathogen-Assocaited Molecular Patterns

46
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

Conserved molecular structures produced by microorganisms and recognized as foreign by the receptors of the innate immune system

47
Q

Name some pattern recognition receptors

A

Toll-like receptor

Nod-like receptors

C-type lectin receptors = mannose receptors

48
Q

T receptor structure and location?

A

Found only on cell membranes surface

Most common = alpha-beta
Also gamma-delta

49
Q

B receptor structure and location?

A

Transmembrane

Made up of 2 heavy and 2 light chains joined by disulfide bonds

Each chain has a constant and variable region

50
Q

Features of Innate Immunity

A

Specific for PAMPs = limited diversity

Respond rapidly = in place before infection

NO memory

51
Q

Features of Adaptive Immunity

A

Highly specific and diverse

Adapt to specific infection

Needs longer time to respond - clonal expansion

MEMORY

52
Q

What are the two defence mechanisms of the immune system?

A

Cellular Defence Mechanism

Humoral Defence Mechanism

53
Q

What makes up the cellular defence mechanism?

A

Phagocytosis = cell eating

Cytotoxicity = cell killing

54
Q

What makes up the humoral defence mechanism?

A

Complement = MAC
Antibodies

55
Q

What defence do antibodies give us?

A

Humoral defence mechanism

Neutralization
Opsonization
Complement activaiton

56
Q

What are the 4 granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Mast cells
Eosinophils

Immunology (8 decks)

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