The ICD and its validity and reliability

Question 1

what is a strength of its reliability ?

Answer 1

there is evidence that the ICD is becoming more reliable as it is revised over time

Question 2

what is the supporting evidence for the strength of its reliability ?

Answer 2

Ponizovsky et al. (2006) found test-retest reliability increased by 26% for schizophrenia from the ICD 9 to the ICD 10 version

Question 3

what does the supporting evidence for the strength of its reliability suggest ?

Answer 3

it suggests that the ICD is becoming more consistent, as more people are receiving the same diagnosis when reassessed

Question 4

what is weakness of its reliability ?

Answer 4

there is evidence that the ICD is not reliable for all disorders

Question 5

what is the supporting evidence for the weakness of its reliability ?

Answer 5

Ponizovsky et al (2006) also found test-retest reliability for personality disorders were very low at just 56%

Question 6

what does the supporting evidence for the weakness of its reliability suggest ?

Answer 6

it suggests that there is poor consistency when diagnosing individuals using the ICD for specific disorders

Question 7

what is a strength of the its validity ?

Answer 7

there is evidence that the ICD 10 has good predictive validity for schizophrenia

Question 8

what is the supporting evidence for the strength of it validity ?

Answer 8

Mason et al. (1997) compared the diagnosis of 99 people who had been diagnoses with schizophrenia using the ICD 9 and found ‘reasonably good’ consistency when the same people were reassessed 13 years later using the ICD 10

Question 9

what does the supporting evidence for the its validity suggest ?

Answer 9

this suggests that the initial diagnosis was correct and useful as it could accurately predict future outcomes

Question 10

what did gurland et al. (1970) find ?

Answer 10

found psychiatrists from the USA were more likely to diagnose clients with schizophrenia, whereas psychiatrists from the UK were more likely to diagnose clients with depression

Question 11

what gurland ultimately conclude ?

Answer 11

after further investigation, gurland concluded the differences were due to the psychiatrists, not the clients.

Question 12

what did Luhrmann et al. (2015) find ?

Answer 12

found that hearing voices was seen as a negative experience in America but a positive one in India

Question 13

what did Andrade et al. (2012) find ?

Answer 13

found that high social deprivation was associated with substance use disorders (addictions) in Sao Paulo - suggests that cultural elements can affect the probability of developing certain Mental Health Conditions

Question 14

what did Lin (1996) find ?

Answer 14

found that there were more similarities across cultures when comparing symptoms of schizophrenia than differences - cultural differences would not lead to differences in diagnosis

Question 15

what trap can psychiatrists fall into when diagnosing someone with cultural differences ?

Answer 15

psychiatrists can overcompensate for cultural differences and not diagnose a Mental Health Condition when there actually is one - cultural difference may not cause a difference in presence of a Mental Health Condition but in the diagnosis of the Mental Health Conditions

Question 16

what does the ICD diagnose ?

Answer 16

physical and mental disorders

Question 17

when was the ICD originally published ?

Answer 17

1893

Question 18

where is the ICD used ?

Answer 18

internationally

Question 19

as of 2019, what ICD are we on now ?

Answer 19

ICD 11

Question 20

how are all diseases, physical and mental categorised ?

Answer 20

1) whether its physical/mental etc.
2) what family the disorder belongs to
3) the specific disorder
4) the severity of the disorder (0=mild, 9=severe)
5) presence/absence of psychical pain (1=present, 0=absent)

Question 21

what is the process of being diagnosed with the ICD ?

Answer 21

1) clinicians conduct unstructured interviews - select key words that relate to their symptoms (e.g, ‘hallucinations’, ‘delusions’)
2) clinician looks up these symptoms in the index
3) identifies a subcategory

Question 22

what does the ICD aim to do ?

Answer 22

1) aims to provide an international diagnostic tool, for all people from all cultures
2) aims to provide objective, unambiguous information

Question 23

why may it be problem that the ICD aims to be an international diagnostic tool ?

Answer 23

there are different cultural norms in different places across the world - client may describe symptoms differently, the clinician may perceive symptoms differently