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yr 2 Other Endocrine Conditions > The hypothalamus, Pituitary and Thyroid glands > Flashcards

The hypothalamus, Pituitary and Thyroid glands Flashcards

1
Q

What does the pituitary gland do

A

Secretes hormones that control other glands and tissues

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2
Q

What does the pineal gland do

A

Produces melatonin (sleep)

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3
Q

How is the Posterior pituitary controlled/ What is it made of

A

By neural pathways - made of nerve tissue

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4
Q

How is the Anterior pituitary controlled/ What is it made of

A

By Vascular link - made of glandular epithelial tissue

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5
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary release

A

Oxytocin
Anti-diuretic hormone (Vassopressin)

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6
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary release

A

GH
ACTH
TSH
FSH and LH
PRL

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7
Q

Role of oxytocin

A

Contractions
Breast feeding
Social behaviours

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8
Q

Role of vasopressin

A

ADH
Binds to V2 causing increase in water permeability in distal tubule and collecting ducts
Therefore retention of water by nephrons

Can also bind to V1 causing increase in vasoconstriction

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9
Q

What is diabetes Insipidus

A

Lack of vasopressin
Causes thirst and urination

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10
Q

How is diabetes insipidus treated

A

Vasopressin injection
or
desmopressin tab/nasal spray (no v2 effects)

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11
Q

What is the 3 hormone sequence

A

Hormones from hypothalamus cause hormones from pituitary cause hormones from other tissues/organs.

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12
Q

What is the Hypothalamic Pituitary Portal System?

A

Direct capillary to capillary bed hormones can travel through
Unique vascular link

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13
Q

How is growth hormone released?

A

GHRH from hypothalamus binds to somatotroph cells causing GH release.

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14
Q

What does GH do

A

Doesn’t stimulate tissues directly- causes IGF release.
Increases synthesis of proteins
Lengthens bones
Increases size and number of cells in tissues

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15
Q

What is treatment for GH deficiency?

A

Somatotropin

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16
Q

What is treatment for excess of GH?

A

Surgery
Somatostatins

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17
Q

What part of the adrenal gland releases aldosterone (salt)

A

Zona glomerulosa

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18
Q

What part of the adrenal gland releases glucocorticoids (cortisol) and corticosteroids (sugar)

A

Zona fasciculata

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19
Q

What part of the adrenal gland releases Androgens (sex)

A

Zona reticularis

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20
Q

What is cholesterol turned into to form steroids?

A

Pregnenelone

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21
Q

give an example of a mineralocorticoid

A

Aldosterone

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22
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Acts on distal tubule and collecting ducts in kidney
Causes SODIUM resorption- induces water retention
Increases Potassium excretion
Can increase BP

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23
Q

What increases aldosterone secretion?

A

Activation of renin angiotensin aldosterone system
Stimulation of adrenal cortex by increasing conc. of Potassium

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24
Q

Give an example of a glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol

25
Q

what does cortisol do?

A

Increases blood glucose concentration by breaking down protein & fat stores
- Causes gluconeogenesis
- Inhibits tissues from glucose uptake
- Stimulates protein breakdown in muscles
- Stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissues

26
Q

In relation to the immune system, what does cortisol do?

A

Anti-inflammatory effects
- Inhibits inflammatory causing cytokines, phagocytosis, fibroblast proliferation
- Therefore corticosteroids for inflammatory diseases as immunosuppressive

27
Q

What causes release of cortisol?

A

CRF from hypo causes ACTH from pituitary causing cortisol release.

28
Q

What is Conn’s syndrome?

A

Aldosterone hypersecretion

29
Q

What can Conn’s syndrome cause?

A

HYPERnatraemia, HYPOkalaemia, HIGH BP

30
Q

What treatment for Conn’s syndrome? (high aldosterone)

A

Surgery for tumour
Spironolactone

31
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Hypersecretion of cortisol

32
Q

What causes Cushing’s syndrome (hypersecretion of cortisol?)

A

Excess CRH from hypo. or ACTH
Tumours

33
Q

What are symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

HYPERglycaemia
Abnormal fat distribution
Thin skin
HT
Osteoporosis
Tiredness and weakness

34
Q

Treatments for Cushing’s syndrome? (ket)

A

Surgery for tumours
Corticosteroid inhibitors (metyrapone, ketaconazole, trilostane)

35
Q

What is Addisons disease?

A

Cortisol AND aldosterone deficiency

36
Q

What is addisons disease caused by?

A

Atrophy of adrenal cortex (damage/ wasting away)

37
Q

What symptoms exist with addisonian crisis?

A

vomiting, abdominal pain, weakness, hypotension, coma

38
Q

Treatments for addisons disease and addisonian crisis?

A

Lifelong steroids
Hydrocortisone- 20-30mg a day to replace cortisol
Fludrocortisone- 50-300mcg a day to replace aldosterone

For addisonian crisis- IV hydrocortisone 100mg every 6hrs

39
Q

What hormones does the thyroid release?

A

T3 and T4
Calcitonin

40
Q

How is T4 converted to T3?

A

by De-iodinases

41
Q

Role of thyroid hormone?

A

Increases basal metabolic rate
Increases heat production
Stimulates GH and IGF-1 secretion for normal growth

42
Q

How is thyroid Hormone made?

A

Iodide ions transported into follicle cells
Iodide ions oxidised to iodine by perioxidase

43
Q

What is Thyroglobulin

A

Large glycoprotein forming colloid in follicle lumen
Lots of tyrosine

44
Q

What are T3 AND T4 controlled by

A

TSH - from anterior pituitary

45
Q

How does TSH control T3 AND T4 levels?

A

TSH binds to cAMP coupled receptors and stimulates iodine uptake.

46
Q

What can result from thyroid dysfunction?

A

Goitre, hoarse voice, sore throat, swallowing difficulty
Usually associated with cancer

47
Q

Treatments for thyroid cancer

A

Surgery
Chemo- doxorubicin or cisplatin
Or targeted chemo eg: vandetinib/ carbozantinib

48
Q

What can cause primary hypothyroidism?

A

Treatment for hyperthyroidism
Lack of dietary iodine
Low levels of TSH

49
Q

What is hashimotos syndrome?

A

Body makes antibodies to thyroglobin and causes primary hypothyroidism

50
Q

What can cause secondary hypothyroidism?

A

Low levels of TSH

51
Q

What is myxoedema coma

A

Complication of chronic thyroid hormone deficiency

52
Q

How can you diagnose hypothyroidism?

A

Thyroid function test (TFTs)

53
Q

What are the TSH and T3&T4 levels for hypothyroidsim?

A

LOW T3 and T4, HIGH TSH

54
Q

What are the TSH and T3&T4 levels for hyperthyroidism?

A

HIGH T3 and T4, LOW TSH

55
Q

Treatment for Hypothyroidism

A

Levothyroxine (50-100mcg in morning)
Empty stomach

Liothyronine for severe/coma

Iodine for deficiency

56
Q

What is Graves disease?

A

Hyperthyroidism
Body makes thyroid stimulating antibodies, which mimic TSH
Tumours can also cause it

57
Q

What can hyperthyroidism cause?

A

Bulging eyes
Swollen eyelids
Higher metabolic rate (sweating, palpitations, weight loss)
diplopia

58
Q

What are the treatments for hyperthyroidism

A

Carbimazole
Removal of thyroid and treatment for hypo (levo)

yr 2 Other Endocrine Conditions (6 decks)

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