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regulatory physiology and pharmacolgy > the hypothalamic-pituitary axis > Flashcards

the hypothalamic-pituitary axis Flashcards

1
Q

what does the HPA regulate

A

function of thyroid, adrenal and reproductive glands

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2
Q

what does the HPA control

A
  • somatic growth
  • lactation
  • milk secretion
  • water metabolism
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3
Q

explain the anatomy of the pituitary gland

A

sits within the bone

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4
Q

what is the anterior pituitary made up of

A

hypophyseal portal system
- primary and secondary plexus

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5
Q

what is the posterior pituitary made up of

A

2 different nuclei
- paraventricular nucleus
- supraoptic nucleus

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6
Q

explain the development of the adrenal pituitary gland

A

adenohypophysis
- oral ectoderm of the roof of the stomatodeum

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7
Q

explain the development of the posterior pituitary gland

A

neurohypophysis
- downgrowth of the forebrain

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8
Q

what are the 5 cell types of the anterior pituitary

A
  • somatotropes
  • corticotropes
  • thyrotropes
  • gonadotropes
  • lactotropes
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9
Q

what is the function of the posterior pituitary

A

neural tissue which is responsible for transport and storage of secretory granules of hormones manufactured in the hypothalamus

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10
Q

where does the pituitary gland get its vascular supply from

A

the superior hypophyseal artery

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11
Q

how is the anterior pituitary innervated

A

by paricellular neurons
- hypothalamus to the infundibulum

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12
Q

how is the posterior pituitary innervated

A

by magnocellular neurons
(paraventricular nuclei and supraoptic neurons)
- hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary

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13
Q

what hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

A

SON = ADH (anti-diuretic hormones)
PVN = oxytocin

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14
Q

what does ADH do

A

it is a peptide hormone which has roles in vasoconstriction, reducing urine output, and ultimately increasing blood pressure

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15
Q

how is ADH secreted

A
  • by baroreceptors (which are found on stretch receptors on atria)
  • baroreceptors detect stress, pain, increased plasma osmolality or decreased BP - which then activates release of ADH
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16
Q

what happens in the presence of ADH

A
  • urine flow decreases
  • urine osmolality increases
17
Q

what happens in the absence of ADH

A
  • urine flow increases
  • urine osmolality decreases
18
Q

what happens when ADH levels increase

A
  • induces vasoconstriction
  • causes bradycardia
  • causes a reduction in cardiac output
  • also stimulates smooth muscle contraction
19
Q

why does urine osmolality increase in the presence of ADH

A

when ADH binds to V2, synthesis of pKa occurs, aquaporin 2 is activated when a lack of H2O is detected

20
Q

what can abnormally high circulating ADH lead to?

A
  • high urine osmolality
  • oedema (due to high plasma volume)
  • low plasma osmolality
21
Q

what can abnormally low circulating ADH lead to

A

diabetes insipidus

22
Q

what does oxytocin stimulate

A
  • secretion of breast milk from lactating females
  • also contribution to delivery of a foetus
23
Q

what stimulates oxytocin secretion

A
  • suckling
  • vaginal / cervical stimulation during labour
  • crying
24
Q

what is milk production stimulated by

A

prolactin (from the anterior pituitary)

25
Q

what is the anterior pituitary responsible for

A
  • the coordination of multiple axis within the body
  • 1st level - paricellular neurons in the hypothalamus
  • 2nd level - anterior pituitary (hormones be released)
  • 3rd level - peripheral endocrine tissues
26
Q

what does thyrotropin-releasing hormones (TRH) do

A

TRH stimulates TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormones) and acts on thyrotropes

27
Q

what do gonadotropin-releasing hormones do

A

stimulates secretion of FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinising hormone) and acts on gonadotropes

28
Q

what do corticotropin-releasing hormones do

A

stimulates secretion of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) and acts on corticotropes

29
Q

what do growth-hormone releasing hormones do

A

stimulates secretion of GH (growth hormones) an acts on somatotropes

30
Q

what are the actions of dopamine

A

it inhibits secretion and synthesis of prolactin and acts on lactotropes

31
Q

what does TSH do

A

it regulates thyroid function via the TSH receptor on the thyroid epithelial cells
TSH stimulates release of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland to support tropic effects on growth and metabolism

32
Q

what do FSH and LH do

A

regulate the function of the gonads in both males and females via the FSH and LH receptors on the gonads

33
Q

what does ACTH do

A

it is responsible for stimulating the adrenal cortex via the MC2R - this induces upregulation of circulating cortisol and adrenal androgen - the released cortisol negatively feeds back to inhibit ACTH secretion in the anterior pituitary

34
Q

what does prolactin do

A

stimulates manufacture of breast milk via the reduced dopamine from the parvicellular hypothalamic neurons

regulatory physiology and pharmacolgy (3 decks)

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