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Water Resources - Exam 3 > The Hydrosphere & Open Channel > Flashcards

The Hydrosphere & Open Channel Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrosphere

A

in the stream, runoff is the integrator of all factors which affect quantity, quality, and regimen, and is one of the factors of watershed ecology itself

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2
Q

Streams/Rivers

A

flow downhill due to gravity, encounters resistance along the way

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3
Q

Stream/River Resistance

A

changes in slope, rocks, roughness, bends

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4
Q

Miles of Stream in PA

A

86,000 miles

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5
Q

Bodies of Water

A

river (big), stream (small), brooke (airrated), run, creek, crick, branch, fork; get written into laws, regional, some states have definitions on them

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6
Q

Pond vs Lake

A

pond (smaller), lake (bigger)

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7
Q

Thalwag

A

deepest part of the channel

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8
Q

Stream Order

A

classification of drainage network (n)

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9
Q

1st Order

A

top of stream drainage system

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10
Q

2nd Order

A

second stream in drainage system

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11
Q

When Stream Order is Useful

A

if streams of same order have common features are proportional to “n”

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12
Q

Bifurcation Ratio

A

(Rb) = N n / N n+1

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13
Q

Law of Stream Numbers

A

relates the number of streams of order I (Ni) to the bifurcation ratio and the principle stream order (k)

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14
Q

Law of Stream Number Equation

A

Ni = Rb^k-1

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15
Q

Stream Patterns

A

bends, riffles, pools, meander

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16
Q

Sinuous

A

has many curves and bends; winding

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17
Q

Sinuousity

A

how far the body of water travels; stream length/valley length

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18
Q

Straightening a Body of Water (development)

A

increases velocity, increases slope, more erosion, would want to go back to original form

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19
Q

Sinuous Range

A

1.0 to 1.5

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20
Q

Meandering Range

A

1.5 to 2.1

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21
Q

“Tortuous” Range

A

> 2.1

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22
Q

Drainage Density

A

Dd=L/A
miles/square miles

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23
Q

Velocity of Channel

A

speed (ft/sec; length/time); constantly changes

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24
Q

Slowest Velocity of Channel

A

on edge; Eddy Current

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25
Q

Fastest Velocity of Channel

A

on top in the middle where it is the deepest

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26
Q

No Slip of Channel

A

along the bottom; slow

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27
Q

Riffles

A

increase velocity; more sediment picked up

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28
Q

Pools

A

decrease velocity; sediment settles

29
Q

Flow Meter

A

quantify the rate or volume of moving water

30
Q

Gaging Station

A

censor in water measuring pressure (depth)

31
Q

Weirs

A

inline damn and measure depth crossing

32
Q

Stilling Basin

A

provides a means to absorb or dissipate the energy from the spillway discharge and protects the spillway area from erosion and undermining

33
Q

Water Surface

A

open to atmosphere, no pressure; deeper you go, more pressure

34
Q

Water Gains Energy Through

A

potential and kinetic

35
Q

Potential Energy

A

comes from depth

36
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

comes from velocity

37
Q

Energy Grade Line

A

elevation of energy head of water flowing in channel; can’t see it, stays constant above the surface

38
Q

Velocity

A

characteristic of the flow, measure of water’s kinetic energy; units: ft/sec

39
Q

Velocity Head

A

V^2/2g (height/depth)
g= 32.2
units: (ft/sec)^2 / ft/sec^2 = ft

40
Q

Pool getting a hole in the side

A

4ft deep pool (potential) rushes out hold (kinetic); gains velocity

41
Q

Slow Stream Meets Fast Stream

A

slow stream gains more energy (speed); slow stream increases in energy to meet the fast stream; back flow

42
Q

Back Flow

A

slow stream keeps picking up speed back up in the stream

43
Q

Headloss

A

something that slows the flow down; backs up water

44
Q

Headloss Causes

A

old, corroded, gunk filled pipes; rocks and rough bottom of stream

45
Q

Manning’s Equation

A

V= (1.49/n)R^2/3S^1/2

46
Q

Optimal Channel Shape

A

semi circle; hard to create

47
Q

Common Channel Shape Used

A

trapezoids; easier to make

48
Q

V

A

velocity

49
Q

n

A

measure of roughness; friction encountered

50
Q

S

A

slope of energy grade line

51
Q

R

A

hydrolic radius; A/P (area/perimeter)

52
Q

Slope

A

ft/ft (rise/run); 100%=45 degree angle

53
Q

n vs V

A

increase n = decrease V
decrease n = increase V

54
Q

S vs V

A

increase S = increase V
decrease S = decrease V

55
Q

Streamflow Equation

A

Q=AV

56
Q

Relative Values of n

A

0.03 or 0.035 (average)
cast iron pipe: 0.015
poor natural channel: 0.06
stones & weeds: 0.035

57
Q

Rectangle Channel

A

Q=AV
(Q=bhV)

58
Q

Trapezoid Channel

A

A = 2 triangles + 1 rectangle
A = 2(1/2)bh + wh
Q=AV

59
Q

Industry Standard

A

give ratio of triangle angle 1:2 (out 1, up 2)

60
Q

Streamflow

A

measure of the watershed response; very nearly a direct measure; may miss the groundwater response on smaller basins; on large basins, groundwater may be hard to estimate during runoff event

61
Q

CSM

A

flow per square mile (average daily/area); useful for basin comparisons; get them on USGS

62
Q

Routing

A

technique used to predict changes in shape of hydrograph as water moves through a channel

63
Q

Effects on Timing

A

not all areas contribute to the stream at the same time or place

64
Q

Flow Entering Stream

A

must travel downstream; takes time and must fill storage areas

65
Q

Timing Effect on Hydrograph

A

curve occurs later downstream; curve is not as steep and longer; some water moves faster than others, attenuation, geology

66
Q

Attenuation

A

reduction of speed; due to storage, geology, blockages

67
Q

Lag Time of Flow Depends on

A

velocity, slope, distance

68
Q

Downstream of Levy

A

get water faster than before having levy

69
Q

Eminent Domain

A

private land taken by gov to make dams and other things; paid compensation

Water Resources - Exam 3 (1 decks)

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