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Environmental Studies (Unit 2) > The Hydrosphere > Flashcards

The Hydrosphere Flashcards

1
Q

Why does water flow?

A

Water molecules are attracted to eachother and form hydrogen bonds

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2
Q

Does gas have hydrogen bonds?

A

No

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3
Q

Where are the hydrogen bonds in a liquid?

A

Between molecules

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4
Q

Where are the hydrogen bonds in a solid?

A

Between molecules helping a lattice structure form

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5
Q

What forms of water does the hydrosphere contain?

A

Solid, liquid and vapour

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6
Q

Define Precipitation

A

Condensation of atmospheric water vapour that then falls to earths surface

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7
Q

Define Interception

A

Precipitation that does not reach the ground because it lands on vegetation

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8
Q

Define Infiltration

A

Surface water enters the ground between soil and rock particles

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9
Q

Define Percolation

A

Further movement of water between soil and rock particles

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10
Q

Define Groundwater Flow

A

Movement of water through pore spaces in permeable rocks

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11
Q

Define Runoff

A

Water flowing over the surface of the ground

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12
Q

Define Evapouration

A

Water changing from liquid to a gas as hydrogen bonds are broken

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13
Q

Define Transpiration

A

The evaporation of water from the leaves of plants through stomata

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14
Q

Define River Channel Discharge

A

The volume of water flowing past a particular point

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15
Q

What are three properties of water?

A

It’s a physiological solvent
Does Anomalus Expansion
Has a high heat capacity

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16
Q

Explain water being a physiological solvent (3)

A

Reactions occur with dilutes dissolved in water
Materials transported in blood/sap dissolved
Dissolved oxygen allows aquatic life to survive

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17
Q

Explain Anomalus Expansion

A

Waters highest density is 4 degrees therefore ice is less dense than water and floats.
Ice insulates the water underneath so aquatic life can survive

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18
Q

Explain water having a high heat capacity

A

Water heats up and cools down slowly

This helps climatic stability by moderating temp. change

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19
Q

What is Residence Time?

A

The average length of time water stays in a reservoir

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20
Q

What does knowing Residence Time help with?

A

Sustainable management of water resources

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21
Q

How is Residence Time calculated?

A

Volume/mean transfer rate

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22
Q

What are the two sources of energy driving the hydrological cycle?

A

Solar and GP/Kinetic Energy

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23
Q

What are inputs of the hydrological cycle?

A

Precipitation

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24
Q

What are the throughflows of the hydrological cycle? (5)

A 
Interception 
Infiltration 
Percolation
Run Off
Groundwater Flow
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25
Q

What are the outputs of the hydrological cycle? (3)

A

Evaporation
Transpiration
River Channel Discharge

26
Q

What are non-abstractive uses of water? (4)

A

Transport
Recreational
Energy
Wildlife Conservation

27
Q

What are abstractive uses of water? (4)

A

Domestic
Industrial
Agriculture
Recreational

28
Q

What does how much water is purified depend on?

A

What the water is going to be used for

29
Q

What is physical criteria of assessing water quality? (1)

A

Turbidy - suspended solids make water look cloudy and affects taste

30
Q

What is biological criteria of assessing water quality? (1)

A

E.coli Abundance - gut bacterium found in sewage contamination

31
Q

What is chemical criteria of assessing water quality? (6)

A

pH - 6.5-8.5 range
Calcium - makes water ‘hard’
Pesticide Concentration
Heavy Metal Concentration - can damage nervous system
Dissolved Oxygen - musty smell
Chlorine retention - to keep water sterile

32
Q

What does the quality of domestic water have to be like? (5)

A 
No pathogens
Low turbidity
No taste/odour
No heavy metals 
No pesticides
33
Q

What does the quality of industrial water have to be like? (2)

A

No large suspended particles

Right pH

34
Q

What does the quality of agricultural water have to be like? (6)

A 
Sediments is okay
Non-toxic
pH levels
No herbicides
No heavy metals
No pathogens
35
Q

What does the quality of HEP water have to be like? (2)

A

No large objects

Any water quality okay

36
Q

What are two ways to desalinise seawater?

A 
Distillation (water boiled)
Reverse osmosis (seawater forced through membrane)
37
Q

What’s the advantages of desalinising seawater?

A

Provides water in arid regions - improves lifestyle and allows people to produce food

38
Q

What are the disadvantages of desalinising seawater?

A

Very expensive

Have to have good access to seawater

39
Q

What are sources of water? (4)

A

Reservoirs
Aquifers
Rivers
Seawater

40
Q

What are factors to consider to reduce costs/make it viable when constructing a reservoir? (4)

A

Climate
Topography
Geology
Catchment area

41
Q

Factors to consider when siting a reservoir (5)

A 
Reliable/regular river flow
No important existing land uses
No high risk activities in area
Low sediment load in inflow water
Availability of supplies/workers
42
Q

What’s an aquifer?

A

An underground rock structure from which water is/can be extracted

43
Q

What’s the difference between a reservoir and an aquifer?

A

Reservoir is just a general name for a storage location of any material

44
Q

What is Permeable rock?

A

Rock which allows water to pass though

45
Q

What are the two types of permeable rock? Explain and give example

A

Porous - eg Sandstone/Chalk

Pervious - water flows through joints e.g Limestone

46
Q

What is impermeable rock?

A

Rock that doesn’t allow water to pass though eg. Granite

47
Q

Define Porosity

A

Measure of the volume of a rock which is space and therefore may hold fluids

48
Q

Define permeability

A

The ease at which fluids may through the through rock

49
Q

What is needed below an aquifer? Why?

A

An impermeable rock - to prevent the escape of water

50
Q

What is an Artisian Well?

A

Where water is under pressure and flows to the water table naturally

51
Q

What is a Flowing Artisian Well?

A

When water reaches the ground surface due to natural pressure from the aquifer

52
Q

What is the Piezometric Surface?

A

The Water Table

53
Q

What is the Phreatic Level?

A

The Spring Line

54
Q

What are the two types of aquifer? Explain each

A

Confined - impermeable rock above and below aquifer

Unconfined - impermeable rock just blow below aquifer

55
Q

What could cause the water table to lower/the well to dry up?

A

If water is pumped from the well faster than its replenished

56
Q

What’s an Aquitard?

A

A bed of low permeability along an aquifer

57
Q

What are consequences of aquifer overuse? (5)

A 
Reduced supplies 
Subsidence 
Changes to surface hydrology
Ecological impacts 
Saltwater incursion/intrusion
58
Q

What are the advantages of groundwater use? (4)

A

Less impact on environment
No cost
Evaporation reduced
Pollution reduced (natural filtering through rocks)

59
Q

What are the disadvantages of groundwater use? (6)

A 
Needs time to recharge 
Lowers natural water table
Increased risk of saline intrusion 
Subsidence 
Wetlands/marches dry up
Wildlife changes
60
Q

What are the causes of demand increase? (3)

A

Population growth
Changing living standards
Industrialisation

61
Q

Why is artificial recharge?

A

Diverting rivers or pumping more water into it

Environmental Studies (Unit 2) (1 decks)

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