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Anatomy - Yr1 > The Human Skeleton > Flashcards

The Human Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the human skeleton ?

A

Support
Protection
Locomotion
Mineral reserve
Haemotopoiesis

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2
Q

How does the skeleton allow us to move ? (Involved in locomotion)

A

Muscles attach to bones using joints
When muscles contract - facilitate movement
Muscles use skeleton as an anchoring point

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3
Q

How does the skeleton act as a mineral reserve

A

90% of the body’s calcium stored as salts within the bones
Phosphates are also stored - within bones

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4
Q

What happens when calcium levels in the bone drop

A

calcium can be released from the skeleton and can when levels are high bones can absorb calcium

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5
Q

How are the bones important for blood cell production

A

Haematopoietic cells eg red blood cells and leukocytes and platelets -> are all produced in bone marrow

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6
Q

Explain bone marrow in children

A

All of the skeleton contains bone marrow - lots of blood cell production
Red one marrow

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7
Q

Explain bone marrow in adults

A

bone marrow is replaced and the red bone marrow is replaced with elbow bone marrow which has a higher adipose or fatty tissue content

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8
Q

Where is red bone marrow present in adults

A

skull, proximal femur and veritable column

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9
Q

What is this ?

A

Functional unit of bone called an osteon

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10
Q

Explain the composition of an osteon ?

A

Made from layers of bone and is almost like layers of tree trunk
Contains circular layers that contain important components

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11
Q

The bone is made up of what two components ?

A

Organic components
Inorganic components

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12
Q

What is the split between organic and inorganic

A

Organic - 30%
Inorganic - 70%

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13
Q

What is the organic comment of town made up of

A

Type 1 collagen

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14
Q

What is the inorganic component of bone made up of

A

Calcium and phosphate salts

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15
Q

What does collagen provide

A

Collagen give tensile strength and allows little bit of bending to occur

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16
Q

What is the role of inorganic component of bone

A

Hard mineral component
Makes bones sturdy and give them compressive strength

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17
Q

What is compressive strength

A

Weight of body passing through bones and squishing it down
Bones are able to withstand because they are hardy + strong

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18
Q

How is collagen organised

A

Fibres that run in opposite directions to each other

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19
Q

How does the organisation of collage aid in function

A

Allows bone to withstand force from different directions

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20
Q

What is within each osteon

A

Blood vessels providing nutrients as well as nerve cells

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21
Q

Why is bone classed as dynamic ?

A

Angle to respond to changes in the environment

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22
Q

How are bones remodelling ?

A

New bone being laid down and old bone is taken away

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23
Q

Which cells take part in bone remodelling ?

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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24
Q

What do osteoblasts do ?

A

Lay down new bone

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25
Q

What do osteoclasts do ?

A

Break down old bone

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26
Q

What is the main function of remodelling ?

A

Healing

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27
Q

What is the fibula ?

A

Bone in the lower limb in the leg

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28
Q

Take out collagen of bone what would happen ?

A

Only left with hard mineral component - make bones really brittle and it would break

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29
Q

Take out inorganic mineral component of bone, what would be left ?

A

Bone would become very flexible

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30
Q

What is rickets

A

Not enough mineral content in the bone
Bone becomes flexible and bendy (overly)

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31
Q

What causes rickets

A

Vitamin d deficiency

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32
Q

Explain how vitamin d deficiency causes rickets

A

Vitamin d is converted into calcitriol - this is needed to absorb calcium from the gut and form hard mineral content of bones

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33
Q

What does rickets look like in children

A

Bones become soft
As weight passes through bones - bone bends

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34
Q

What is osteogenesis imprefecta

A

Congenital
Genetic disorder which affects collagen production
Eg mutation in gene - not as much collagen produced

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35
Q

What is the effect of osteogenesis imperfects

A

Bones become brittle and fracture easily
Directly related to composition of the bone

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36
Q

What is the diaphysis of the bone

A

Long tube like
Shaft of the bone

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37
Q

How many epiphyses are there

A

2 - one at the bottom and one at the top

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38
Q

What is the epiphysis

A

Articular surfaces for joints
Mostly spongy bone but compact on the surface

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39
Q

What are two surfaces of the bone

A

Compact bone
Cancellous bone

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40
Q

What does cartilage provide

A

Nice smooth surface

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41
Q

What is spongy bone made up of

A

Interconnecting struts - tend to set in the direction of force

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42
Q

What happens to the struts in cancellous (spongy bone) when there’s a force passing through the bone ?

A

The struts can be remodelled to help direct the force or weight through t he bones

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43
Q

What can be found in the middle of diaphysis

A

An empty space

44
Q

What is the empty space in the diaphysis

A

Medullary cavity

45
Q

What is found in the medullary cavity and its function

A

Bone marrow which is involved in blood cell production

46
Q

Where is bone marrow found

A

Medullary cavity and struts of bone in spongy layer

47
Q

What can you see within epiphysis ?

A

Epiphyseal line

48
Q

What is the ephiphyseal line

A

Also known as growth plate
This is where our growth occurs in development
Separates diaphysis (shaft of bone) from epiphysis

49
Q

When growth is complete what happens to the growth plate

A

It turns into bone and therefore creates a line
-> growth plate has ossified creating epiphyseal line

50
Q

What is the periosteum ?

A

Covers outer surface of bone
Site of attachment for muscle tendons

51
Q

What is the endosteum ?

A

Lines internal surfaces of cavities within bones

52
Q

Label this picture of a bone

A
53
Q

Briefly describe bones in thee skull

A

Flat bones
Slightly different as they don’t have medullary cavity

54
Q

Label this

A

Compact bone

55
Q

Label this

A

Cancellous bone (diploe)

56
Q

What is diploe ?

A

With bone marrow

57
Q

What can bone cells not do ?

A

Cannot divide

58
Q

How does bone grow

A

By being continuously laid down on top of surface of previous bone

59
Q

What is required for bone growth

A

A growth plate which is made up of cartilage

60
Q

What is the two ways cartilage can grow

A

Oppositional growth
Interstitial growth

61
Q

What is appositional growth

A

new surface layers of matrix are added to the pre-existing matrix by new chondroblasts from the perichondrium.

62
Q

Unlike other connective tissue what is cartilage ?

A

avascular (like epithelia). Cartilage is nourished by long range diffusion from nearby capillaries in the perichondrium

63
Q

What is interstitial growth of cartilae

A

chondrocytes grow and divide and lay down more matrix inside the existing cartilage. This mainly happens during childhood and adolescence.

64
Q

What is the surface of most cartilage covered by ?

A

covered by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue called the perichondrium (peri = around).

65
Q

What is Intramembranous Ossification

A

compact and spongy bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal (undifferentiated) connective tissue.

66
Q

In endrochondral ossification how does the bone develop ?

A

bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage.

67
Q

What is the role of cartilage in ossification ?

A

cartilage serves as a template to be completely replaced by new bone.

68
Q

Which bones form via endrochondral ossification

A

Bones at the base of the skull and long bones form via endochondral ossification.

69
Q

Explain endrochondral ossification

A

The bone is formed onto a temporary cartilage model.

The cartilage model grows then chondrocytes mature (zone of maturation) and growing cartilage model starts to calcify.

As this happens, the chondrocytes far from blood vessels, and are less able to gain nutrients etc, -> chondrocytes start to die

fragmented calcified matrix left behind acts as structural framework for bony material.

Osteoprogenitor cells and blood vessels from periosteum -> proliferate and differentiate into osteoblasts, which start to lay down bone matrix (osteogenic zone)

70
Q

What happens after all cartilage replaced

A

Diaphysis and epiphysis are replaced

71
Q

How can you classify bones ?

A

Based on shape

72
Q

What does the shape of the bones tell you

A

Function of the bone

73
Q

Describe long bones

A

Longer than they are wide
Long diaphysis : shaft

74
Q

What are examples of long bones

A

Bones of the limb
Femur humerus tibia

75
Q

Function of long bones

A

Tend to be involved in movement and in particular muscle attachment

76
Q

Describe short bones

A

Similar to long bones
Width and length are similar
Tend to be cubed in shape

77
Q

What are examples of short bones

A

Bones of the wrist and ankle - wrist or tarsal bones in the ankle

78
Q

Describe flat bones

A

Thin and flat and usually curved

79
Q

Describe the function of flat bones

A

Protective in function

80
Q

Hat are examples of flat bones

A

Skull sternum scapula and ribs

81
Q

What are irregular bones

A

Don’t fir in other categories
Shape is irregular

82
Q

What are examples of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae, sternum, scapula and ribs

83
Q

What are sesamoid bones

A

Small round bones embedded in tendons of muscles
Look like sesame seeds

84
Q

What is the function of sesamoid bones

A

Protect tendons and increase movement

85
Q

What are examples of sesamoid bones

A

Patella

86
Q

A tendon with a sesamoid bone can lead to what

A

Increases range of movement at that part

87
Q

How many bones in the human skeleton ?

A

206

88
Q

How many bones in new borns

A

270

89
Q

In a child what two things of bones are separated

A

Diaphysis and epiphysis

90
Q

Why do newborns have more bones than adults

A

Bones are still growing so parts are separated and will fuse later on

91
Q

With increasing age why can the number of bones decrease

A

Bones can fuse together with age too
Eg first rib to sternum

92
Q

What are bones connected by

A

Joints

93
Q

What are the 3 types of joints

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

94
Q

What are the 3 regions of the Skelton

A

Axial
Appendicular -> upper limb and lower limb

95
Q

What forms part of the axial skeleton

A
96
Q

What forms part the upper limb

A

Pectoral girdle
Bones of the arms and hands

97
Q

What forms part of the lower limb

A

Pelvic girdle
Bones of the legs/feet

98
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton formed by ?

A

Appendages

99
Q

What is part of the Skelton that attaches the limb to the rest of the body

A

Appendicular Skelton

100
Q

What is the most complex part of the Skelton

A

The skull

101
Q

What is the function of the skull

A

Houses brain and special sense organs
Has a protective function

102
Q

What is the facial skeleton called

A

The viscerocranium

103
Q

How many bones are in the viscerocranium

A

14 bones

104
Q

What is the rest of the surrounding Brain excluding facial Skelton called

A

Neurocranium

105
Q

How many bones are in the neurocranium

A

8 bones

106
Q

V

A

Anatomy - Yr1 (1 decks)

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