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Anaphy > The Human Organism > Flashcards

The Human Organism Flashcards

1
Q

Human Anatomy and Physiology

A

study of structure and function of the human body

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2
Q

stimuli

A

how the body responds to changes in the environmental information

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3
Q

Anatomy

A

the scientific discipline that indicates the structure of the body; to dissect, cut apart, or separate. investigates the relationship between structure and function of the human body.

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4
Q

2 approaches of anatomy

A
  1. systemic anatomy - studying the structure of the body by system.
  2. regional anatomy- studying the structure of the body by parts or by region.
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5
Q

2 ways to examine the internal structures of a living person

A
  1. surface anatomy- the study of external structures

2. anatomical imaging- use of x-rays, ultrasounds, and the like.

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6
Q

physiology

A

the scientific discipline that deals with processes or functions of living things

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7
Q

human physiology

A

study of a specific organism—human

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8
Q

subdivisions that emphasize specific organization levels

A

cellular physiology and systemic physiology

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9
Q

6 structural levels

A

chemical, cells, tissues, organ, organ system, organism

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10
Q

chemical level

A

involve how atoms interact and combine to molecules

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11
Q

cell level

A

cells are the basic structural and functional units of organisms. molecules combine to form organelles

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12
Q

tissue level

A

4 types: epithelial, connective, nervous and muscle tissues. a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them.

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13
Q

organ level

A

organ is composed of two or more tissue types that together perform one or more common functions.

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14
Q

organ system level

A

organ system is a group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of functions.

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15
Q

organism level

A

organism is anything that is considered as a whole.

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16
Q

6 characteristics of life

A

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development and reproduction

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17
Q

organization

A

This refers to how individual parts of an organism is interacting and working together.

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18
Q

metabolism

A

This refers to the use of energy to perform vital functions.

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19
Q

responsiveness

A

It refers to the ability to sense changes in the environment and make adjustments that help maintain life.

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20
Q

growth

A

The increase in size of all or a part of an organism.

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21
Q

developmental

A

The changes that an organism undergoes through time. There is a term differentiation which refers to change in cell structure and function–development of cell from a generalized cell to a specialized cell.

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22
Q

reproduction

A

This refers to the formation of new cells or new organisms.

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23
Q

homeostasis

A

refers to the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body despite fluctuations in either the external environment or the internal environment.

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24
Q

homeostatic mechanisms

A

maintain body temperature near an average normal value or set point. ( does not maintain precisely but with in normal range of values)

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25
Q

negative feedback

A

maintains homeostasis. when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted. Negative feedback does not prevent variation but maintains variation within a normal range.

26
Q

components of negative feedback mechanisms

A
  1. receptor- monitors the value of variables
  2. control center- determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor.
  3. effector- change the value of the variable when directed by the control center
27
Q

positive feedback mechanism

A

occurs when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response.

28
Q

Comparison of Negative-feedback and Positive-feedback Mechanisms

A

(a) In negative feedback, the response stops the effector. (b) In positive feedback, the response keeps the reaction going.

29
Q

anatomical position

A

use to describe the body; standing erect, face forward, eyes, forward, arms hanging on side, palms facing forward, toes forward and feet flat on the floor.

30
Q

supine

A

lying facing upward

31
Q

prone

A

lying facing downward

32
Q

right and left

A

towards the body’s right and left side respectively

33
Q

inferior

A

below

34
Q

superior

A

above

35
Q

anterior

A

toward the front

36
Q

posterior

A

toward the back

37
Q

dorsal

A

toward the back

38
Q

ventral

A

toward the belly

39
Q

proximal

A

close to the body

40
Q

distal

A

away from the body

41
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

42
Q

medial

A

towards the midline

43
Q

superficial

A

at surface level

44
Q

deep

A

towards deeper organs

45
Q

cephalic

A

head area

46
Q

caudal

A

tail area

47
Q

Regions of the abdomen

A

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant and left lower quadrant

48
Q

Regions (9)

A

epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric, right and left hypochondriac, right and left lumbar, right and left iliac

49
Q

sagittal plane

A

divides body into left and right

50
Q

transverse plane

A

divides the body into superior and inferior

51
Q

frontal or coronal plane

A

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

52
Q

Body cavity

A
  1. abdominal cavity- bounded by the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles.
  2. thoracic cavity- bounded by the ribs and diaphragm
  3. pelvic cavity- surrounded by pelvic bone
53
Q

serous membrane

A

lines the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these cavities.

54
Q

visceral serous membrane

A

lines the inner part

55
Q

parietal serous membrane

A

lines the outer part

56
Q

thoracic cavity: serous membrane lined cavities

A
  1. pericardial cavity- cavity that surrounds the heart

2. pleural cavity- surrounds the lung

57
Q

abdominal cavity: serous membrane lined cavity

A

peritoneal cavity located between visceral and parietal peritoneum and contains peritoneal fluid.

58
Q

inflammation

A

pericarditis- inflammation of pericardium
pleurisy- inflammation o pleura
peritonitis- inflammation of peritoneum
(appendicitis- inflammation of appendix)

59
Q

mesenteries

A

consist of 2 layers of peritoneum fused together.

60
Q

retroperitoneal organs

A

found behind the parietal peritoneum– kidneys, urinary bladder, adrenal glands…

Anaphy (2 decks)

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