The Human Organism

Question 1

What is Anatomy?

Answer 1

Study of the body’s structure

Question 2

What is Physiology?

Answer 2

study of the processes or functions of living things

Question 3

Gross/Macroscopic

Answer 3

structures examined without a microscope, can be touched

Question 4

regional

Answer 4

studied area by area (macroscopic)

Question 5

systemic

Answer 5

studied system by system (macroscopic)

Question 6

surface

Answer 6

external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging (macroscopic)

Question 7

Microscopic

Answer 7

structures seen with the microscope

Question 8

cytology

Answer 8

cellular anatomy (microscopic)

Question 9

histology

Answer 9

study of tissues (microscopic)

Question 10

pathology

Answer 10

structural and functional changes caused by disease

Question 11

exercise physiology

Answer 11

changes in structure and function caused by exercise

Question 12

Chemical level

Answer 12

interaction of atoms

Question 13

Cell level

Answer 13

structural and functional unit of living organisms

Question 14

Tissue level

Answer 14

group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

Question 15

Organ level

Answer 15

two or more tissues functioning together

Question 16

Organ System level

Answer 16

group of organs functioning together

Question 17

Organism level

Answer 17

any living thing

Question 18

What is an organism?

Answer 18

a single, complete individual

Question 19

What is an organ system ?

Answer 19

human body made of 11 organ systems

Question 20

What is a tissue?

Answer 20

a mass of similar cells and cell products that form discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function

Question 21

What is a cell?

Answer 21

the smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic function of life

Question 22

What are Organelles?

Answer 22

microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions

Question 23

What do Molecules do?

Answer 23

make up organelles and other cellular components

Question 24

What are Atoms?

Answer 24

the smallest particles with unique chemical identities

Question 25

What are the Characteristics of Life?

Answer 25

1. Organization- condition in which there are specific relationships and functions 2. Metabolism- all chemical reactions of the body (Catabolism vs. Anabolism) 3. Responsiveness- ability to sense changes and adjust 4. Growth- increase in size and/or number of cells 5. Development- changes in an organism over time - Differentiation: change from general to specific - Morphogenesis: change in shape of tissues, organs 6. Reproduction- new cells or new organisms

Question 26

Survival Needs

Answer 26

nutrients, oxygen, water, maintaining normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure

Question 27

What is homeostasis ?

Answer 27

The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an every-changing outside world

Question 28

What factors interact to maintain homeostasis?

Answer 28

chemical, thermal, and neural factors

Question 29

Set point

Answer 29

the ideal normal value for a variable

Question 30

What are the components of feedback systems?

Answer 30

1. Receptor- monitors the value of some variable 2. Afferent/Sensory- carries info from receptor to CNS 3. Control center (CNS)- establishes the set point 4. Efferent/Motor- carries info from CNS to effector 5. Effector- can change the value of the variable

Question 31

Stimulus

Answer 31

deviation from the set point; detected by the receptor (not a component)

Question 32

Response

Answer 32

produced by the effector

Question 33

Anatomical Position

Answer 33

Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward

Question 34

Supine

Answer 34

lying face upward

Question 35

Prone

Answer 35

lying face downward

Question 36

Anterior (Ventral)

Answer 36

forward

Question 37

Posterior (Dorsal)

Answer 37

toward the back

Question 38

median

Answer 38

through the midline

Question 39

sagittal

Answer 39

same plane as median but to the left or right of median

Question 40

frontal (coronal)

Answer 40

divides body into anterior and posterior

Question 41

transverse (cross)

Answer 41

divides body into superior and inferior sections

Question 42

oblique

Answer 42

other than at a right angle

Question 43

longitudinal

Answer 43

cut along the length of an organ

Question 44

transverse (cross)

Answer 44

cut at right angle to length of the organ

Question 45

oblique

Answer 45

cut at any but a right angle

Question 46

diaphragm

Answer 46

divides body cavity into thoracic abdominopelvic cavities

Question 47

mediastinum

Answer 47

contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except the lungs

Question 48

What do Serous Membranes do?

Answer 48

cover the organs of Ventral cavities and line the cavity

Question 49

Pericardium

Answer 49

refers to heart (serous membrane)

Question 50

Pleura

Answer 50

refers to lungs and thoracic cavity (serous membrane)

Question 51

Peritoneum

Answer 51

refers to abdominopelvic cavity (serous membrane)

Question 52

Radiography (X-ray)

Answer 52

Shadowy negative of internal body structures

Question 53

Ultrasound (US)

Answer 53

computer-analyzed sound waves bounced off a structure in the body

Question 54

Computed Tomography (CT Scan)

Answer 54

computer-analyzed composite of radiograph; shows slices of body

Question 55

Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)

Answer 55

3-D version of CT using multiple slices

Question 56

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

Answer 56

comparison of radiographs with and without dye. Used in blood vessel studies.

Question 57

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer 57

uses magnetism and radio waves to look for varying alignment of protons in soft tissues

Question 58

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Answer 58

uses radioactively labeled glucose to calculate metabolic activity of cells