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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > The Human Organism > Flashcards

The Human Organism Flashcards

1
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

Study of the body’s structure

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2
Q

What is Physiology?

A

study of the processes or functions of living things

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3
Q

Gross/Macroscopic

A

structures examined without a microscope, can be touched

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4
Q

regional

A

studied area by area (macroscopic)

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5
Q

systemic

A

studied system by system (macroscopic)

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6
Q

surface

A

external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging (macroscopic)

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7
Q

Microscopic

A

structures seen with the microscope

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8
Q

cytology

A

cellular anatomy (microscopic)

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9
Q

histology

A

study of tissues (microscopic)

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10
Q

pathology

A

structural and functional changes caused by disease

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11
Q

exercise physiology

A

changes in structure and function caused by exercise

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12
Q

Chemical level

A

interaction of atoms

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13
Q

Cell level

A

structural and functional unit of living organisms

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14
Q

Tissue level

A

group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

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15
Q

Organ level

A

two or more tissues functioning together

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16
Q

Organ System level

A

group of organs functioning together

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17
Q

Organism level

A

any living thing

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18
Q

What is an organism?

A

a single, complete individual

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19
Q

What is an organ system ?

A

human body made of 11 organ systems

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20
Q

What is a tissue?

A

a mass of similar cells and cell products that form discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function

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21
Q

What is a cell?

A

the smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic function of life

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22
Q

What are Organelles?

A

microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions

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23
Q

What do Molecules do?

A

make up organelles and other cellular components

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24
Q

What are Atoms?

A

the smallest particles with unique chemical identities

25
Q

What are the Characteristics of Life?

A
  1. Organization- condition in which there are specific relationships and functions
  2. Metabolism- all chemical reactions of the body (Catabolism vs. Anabolism)
  3. Responsiveness- ability to sense changes and adjust
  4. Growth- increase in size and/or number of cells
  5. Development- changes in an organism over time
    - Differentiation: change from general to specific
    - Morphogenesis: change in shape of tissues, organs
  6. Reproduction- new cells or new organisms
26
Q

Survival Needs

A

nutrients, oxygen, water, maintaining normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure

27
Q

What is homeostasis ?

A

The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an every-changing outside world

28
Q

What factors interact to maintain homeostasis?

A

chemical, thermal, and neural factors

29
Q

Set point

A

the ideal normal value for a variable

30
Q

What are the components of feedback systems?

A
  1. Receptor- monitors the value of some variable
  2. Afferent/Sensory- carries info from receptor to CNS
  3. Control center (CNS)- establishes the set point
  4. Efferent/Motor- carries info from CNS to effector
  5. Effector- can change the value of the variable
31
Q

Stimulus

A

deviation from the set point; detected by the receptor (not a component)

32
Q

Response

A

produced by the effector

33
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward

34
Q

Supine

A

lying face upward

35
Q

Prone

A

lying face downward

36
Q

Anterior (Ventral)

A

forward

37
Q

Posterior (Dorsal)

A

toward the back

38
Q

median

A

through the midline

39
Q

sagittal

A

same plane as median but to the left or right of median

40
Q

frontal (coronal)

A

divides body into anterior and posterior

41
Q

transverse (cross)

A

divides body into superior and inferior sections

42
Q

oblique

A

other than at a right angle

43
Q

longitudinal

A

cut along the length of an organ

44
Q

transverse (cross)

A

cut at right angle to length of the organ

45
Q

oblique

A

cut at any but a right angle

46
Q

diaphragm

A

divides body cavity into thoracic abdominopelvic cavities

47
Q

mediastinum

A

contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except the lungs

48
Q

What do Serous Membranes do?

A

cover the organs of Ventral cavities and line the cavity

49
Q

Pericardium

A

refers to heart (serous membrane)

50
Q

Pleura

A

refers to lungs and thoracic cavity (serous membrane)

51
Q

Peritoneum

A

refers to abdominopelvic cavity (serous membrane)

52
Q

Radiography (X-ray)

A

Shadowy negative of internal body structures

53
Q

Ultrasound (US)

A

computer-analyzed sound waves bounced off a structure in the body

54
Q

Computed Tomography (CT Scan)

A

computer-analyzed composite of radiograph; shows slices of body

55
Q

Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)

A

3-D version of CT using multiple slices

56
Q

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

A

comparison of radiographs with and without dye. Used in blood vessel studies.

57
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

uses magnetism and radio waves to look for varying alignment of protons in soft tissues

58
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

uses radioactively labeled glucose to calculate metabolic activity of cells

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (2 decks)

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