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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > The Human Body: An Orientation > Flashcards

The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

Study of the structure of the body parts and their relationship to one another

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities

A

Physiology

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3
Q

The study of large, visible structures

A

Macroscopic Anatomy

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4
Q

Looks at all structures in a particular area of the body

A

Regional Anatomy

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5
Q

Looks at just one system (cardiovascular, muscular, exc.)

A

System Anatomy

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6
Q

Looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin (visible muscle masses or veins seen on surface)

A

Surface Anatomy

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7
Q

Deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

A

Microscopic Anatomy

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8
Q

Microscopic study of cells

A

Cytology

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9
Q

Microscopic study of tissues

A

Histology

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10
Q

Studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life

A

Developmental Anatomy

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11
Q

Study of developments before birth

A

Embryology

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12
Q

To study anatomy, one must know anatomical terminology and be able to _____, ______, _____, and _____.

A

Observe
Manipulate
Palpate
Ausculate

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13
Q
  • Based on organ systems

- Often focuses on cellular and molecular levels of the body

A

Subdivisions of Physiology

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14
Q

To study physiology, one must understand basic _____ principles as well as basic _____ principles.

A

Physical

Chemical

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15
Q

The human body is very _____, from the smallest chemical level to the whole organism level.

A

Organized

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16
Q

Anatomy and physiology are _____.

A

Inseparable

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17
Q

Function always reflects _____.

A

Structure

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18
Q

What a structure can do depends on its specific ____.

A

Form

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19
Q

Humans are ____, so to function, individual cells must be kept alive.

A

Multi-cellular

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20
Q

Organ systems are designed to _____ ___ ____.

A

Service the cells

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21
Q

All cells depend on _____ ____ to meet their survival needs.

A

Organ Systems

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22
Q

Separation between internal and external environment must exist.

A

Maintaining Boundaries

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23
Q

Ability to sense and respond to stimuli

A

Responsiveness

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24
Q

Muscular system allows _____.

A

Movement

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25
Breakdown of ingested food, followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood.
Digestion
26
All chemical reactions that occur in body cells
Metabolism
27
At the cellular level, reproduction involves the division of ____ for growth or repair.
Cells
28
At the organismal level, reproduction is the production of _____.
Offspring
29
Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion.
Excretion
30
Increase in size of a body part or of an organism
Growth
31
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Nutrients
32
Major source of energy
Carbohydrates
33
Needed for cell building and cell chemistry
Proteins
34
Long-term energy storage
Fats
35
Involved in chemical reactions as well as for structural purposes
Vitamins and Minerals
36
Essential for release of energy from foods
Oxygen
37
Most abundant chemical in body; provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions
Water
38
If body temp falls below or goes above _____, rates of chemical reactions are affected.
37C or 98.6F
39
Specific pressure of air is needed for adequate _____ and ____ ______ in the lungs.
Breathing | Gas Exchange`
40
The maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment
Homeostasis
41
Body must be constantly monitored and regulated to maintain _____
Homeostasis
42
Homeostatic control of variables involves three components:
Receptor Control Center Effector
43
- Monitors environment | - Responds to stimuli
Receptor (sensor)
44
Things that cause changes in controlled variables
Stimuli
45
- Determines set point at which variable is maintained - Receives input from receptors - Determines appropriate response
Control Center
46
- Receives output from control center - Provides the means to respond - Response either reduces stimulus or enhances stimulus
Effector
47
- Most used feedback mechanism in the body | - Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus
Negative Feedback
48
- Response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus - May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect as feedback causes variable to continue in in same direction as initial change - Usually controls infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustment
Positive Feedback
49
- Increases risk of disease | - Contributes to changes associated with aging
Homeostatic Imbalance
50
If negative feedback mechanisms become overwhelmed, destructive _____ _____ mechanisms may takeover.
Positive Feedback
51
Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body
Standard Anatomical Position
52
Describes one body structure in relation to another body structure
Directional Terms
53
Head, neck and trunk
Axial
54
Limbs (legs and arms)
Appendicular
55
Designate specific areas within body divisions
Regional Terms
56
Surfaces along which body or structures may be cut for anatomical study
Body Planes
57
Cuts made along a body plane
Sections
58
- Divides body vertically into right and left parts | - Produces a sagittal section if cut along this plane
Sagittal Plane
59
Cut was made perfectly on the midline
Midsagittal Plane
60
Cut was off-centered, not on midline
Parasagittal Plane
61
-Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
Frontal (coronal) Plane
62
- Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts | - Produces a cross section
Transverse Plane
63
Result of cuts at angle other than 90' to vertical plane
Oblique Section
64
- Protects fragile nervous system | - Two subdivisions: Cranial and Vertebral
Dorsal Body Cavity
65
Encases brain
Cranial Cavity
66
Encases spinal cord
Vertebral Cavity
67
- Houses the internal organs | - Two subdivisions separated by the diaphragm: Thoracic and Abdominopelvic
Ventral Body Cavity
68
Thin, double-layered membranes that cover surfaces in the ventral body cavity
Serosa (or serous membrane)
69
Lines internal body cavity walls
Parietal Serosa
70
Covers internal organs
Visceral Serosa
71
Double layers are seperated by slit-like cavity filled with ___ ___
Serous Fluid
72
Divisions used primarily by medical personnel
Quadrants
73
Cavities not exposed to the environment
Synovial Cavities

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (2 decks)

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