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Organisation of the body > The Human Body : An Orientation > Flashcards

The Human Body : An Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

ANATOMY

A

It is the study of the structure of living organisms and their relationship with one another.

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2
Q

PHYSIOLOGY

A

It is the study of the functions of parts of the living body.

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3
Q

Sub-divisions of Anatomy

A
  • Gross anatomy
  • Microscopic anatomy
  • Developmental anatomy
  • Specialized branches of anatomy
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4
Q

Sub-divisions in Gross Anatomy

A
  • Regional(all structures in one part of the body)
  • Systemic(systems)
  • Surface(relating to the skin)
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5
Q

Cytology

A

It is the study of cells.

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6
Q

Histology

A

It is the study of tissues.

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7
Q

Embryology

A

It is the study of developmental changes of the body before birth.

Note: It is part of developmental anatomy.

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8
Q

Pathological Anatomy

A

It is the study of structural changes caused by disease.

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9
Q

Radiographic Anatomy

A

It is the study of internal structures visualized by X-ray/MRI.

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10
Q

Molecular Biology

A

It is the study of anatomical structures at sub-cellular level.

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11
Q

Atom

A

An atom is the smallest unit of matter.

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12
Q

Molecule

A

A molecule is a combination of two or more atoms.

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13
Q

Cell

A

A cell is the smallest unit of life which is also the basic unit structure of the body.

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14
Q

Tissue

A

A tissue is a group of similar cells that have a common function.

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15
Q

Organ

A

An organ is a structure that is made up of two or more tissues organized to carry out a particular function.

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16
Q

Organ System

A

An organ system consists of different organs that work together closely.

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17
Q

Organism

A

An organism consist of the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.

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18
Q

Six most important life processes in the human body

A
  • Metabolism
  • Growth
  • Reproduction
  • Responsiveness
  • Movement
  • Differentiation
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19
Q

Metabolism

A

It is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body.

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20
Q

Anabolism

A

It is the building of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components.

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21
Q

Homeostasis

A

It refers to the process of keeping the internal environment in a steady state when the external environment is changing.

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22
Q

Negative feedback mechanism

A

A type of mechanism where the response reverses the original stimulus.

23
Q

Positive feedback mechanism

A

A type of mechanism where the response enhances the original stimulus.

24
Q

Disturbances that can initiate feedback systems

A
  • A drop/increase in blood pressure.
  • A drop/increase in blood glucose level.
  • Temperature changes that are outside normal range due to external environment.
  • Psychological stresses.
  • During Childbirth
  • A growing child
25
Q

3 basic component that are involved in the regulation of variables

A

Receptor, Control center, Effector

26
Q

Symptoms

A

Symptoms are subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer.

27
Q

Examples of symptoms

A

Headache, Pain, Stomach cramp.

28
Q

Signs

A

Signs are objective changes that can be observed and measured.

29
Q

Examples of signs

A

High blood pressure, breathing rate, temperature

30
Q

Anatomical position

A

The position in which a person is standing erect with face forward, foot slightly separated and palms facing anteriorly.

31
Q

Major body cavities and their subdivisions.

A
  • Dorsal cavity contains cranial cavity and vertebral/spinal cavity
  • Ventral cavity contains thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
32
Q

Cranial cavity

A

Formed by cranial bones and contains brain.

33
Q

Vertebral/Spinal cavity

A

Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves.

34
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum.

35
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura.

36
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Surrounds the heart; the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium.

37
Q

Mediastinum

A

Anatomic region in the central portion of the thoracic cavity between the medial walls of pleural cavities;

38
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities.

39
Q

Serous membrane of Abdominal cavity

A

Peritoneum.

40
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction.

41
Q

Coronal/frontal plane

A

Divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

42
Q

Sagittal plane

A

A vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides.

43
Q

Mid-sagittal plane

A

A plane that passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides.

44
Q

Transverse plane

A

Divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

45
Q

Oblique plane

A

A plane that passes through the body or an organ at an angle between a transverse plane and a sagittal plane or between a transverse plane and a frontal plane.

46
Q

Organs in the right hypochondriac region

A

Gallbladder and Part of the Liver

47
Q

Organ in the epigastric region

A

Stomach

48
Q

Organ in the left hypochondriac region

A

Spleen

49
Q

Organ in the right lumbar

A

Ascending colon of the large intestine

50
Q

Organs in the umbilical region

A

Small intestine and transverse colon of the large intestine.

51
Q

Organs in the left lumbar region

A

Descending colon of the large intestine

52
Q

Organs in the right iliac region

A

Appendix and cecum of the large intestine

53
Q

Organ in the hypogastric region

A

Urinary bladder

54
Q

Organs in the left iliac region

A

Initial part of sigmoid colon

Organisation of the body (5 decks)

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