The Human Body : An Orientation

Question 1

ANATOMY

Answer 1

It is the study of the structure of living organisms and their relationship with one another.

Question 2

PHYSIOLOGY

Answer 2

It is the study of the functions of parts of the living body.

Question 3

Sub-divisions of Anatomy

Answer 3

• Gross anatomy
• Microscopic anatomy
• Developmental anatomy
• Specialized branches of anatomy

Question 4

Sub-divisions in Gross Anatomy

Answer 4

• Regional(all structures in one part of the body)
• Systemic(systems)
• Surface(relating to the skin)

Question 5

Cytology

Answer 5

It is the study of cells.

Question 6

Histology

Answer 6

It is the study of tissues.

Question 7

Embryology

Answer 7

It is the study of developmental changes of the body before birth.

Note: It is part of developmental anatomy.

Question 8

Pathological Anatomy

Answer 8

It is the study of structural changes caused by disease.

Question 9

Radiographic Anatomy

Answer 9

It is the study of internal structures visualized by X-ray/MRI.

Question 10

Molecular Biology

Answer 10

It is the study of anatomical structures at sub-cellular level.

Question 11

Atom

Answer 11

An atom is the smallest unit of matter.

Question 12

Molecule

Answer 12

A molecule is a combination of two or more atoms.

Question 13

Cell

Answer 13

A cell is the smallest unit of life which is also the basic unit structure of the body.

Question 14

Tissue

Answer 14

A tissue is a group of similar cells that have a common function.

Question 15

Organ

Answer 15

An organ is a structure that is made up of two or more tissues organized to carry out a particular function.

Question 16

Organ System

Answer 16

An organ system consists of different organs that work together closely.

Question 17

Organism

Answer 17

An organism consist of the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.

Question 18

Six most important life processes in the human body

Answer 18

• Metabolism
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Responsiveness
• Movement
• Differentiation

Question 19

Metabolism

Answer 19

It is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body.

Question 20

Anabolism

Answer 20

It is the building of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components.

Question 21

Homeostasis

Answer 21

It refers to the process of keeping the internal environment in a steady state when the external environment is changing.

Question 22

Negative feedback mechanism

Answer 22

A type of mechanism where the response reverses the original stimulus.

Question 23

Positive feedback mechanism

Answer 23

A type of mechanism where the response enhances the original stimulus.

Question 24

Disturbances that can initiate feedback systems

Answer 24

• A drop/increase in blood pressure.
• A drop/increase in blood glucose level.
• Temperature changes that are outside normal range due to external environment.
• Psychological stresses.
• During Childbirth
• A growing child

Question 25

3 basic component that are involved in the regulation of variables

Answer 25

Receptor, Control center, Effector

Question 26

Symptoms

Answer 26

Symptoms are subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer.

Question 27

Examples of symptoms

Answer 27

Headache, Pain, Stomach cramp.

Question 28

Signs

Answer 28

Signs are objective changes that can be observed and measured.

Question 29

Examples of signs

Answer 29

High blood pressure, breathing rate, temperature

Question 30

Anatomical position

Answer 30

The position in which a person is standing erect with face forward, foot slightly separated and palms facing anteriorly.

Question 31

Major body cavities and their subdivisions.

Answer 31

- Dorsal cavity contains cranial cavity and vertebral/spinal cavity - Ventral cavity contains thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Question 32

Cranial cavity

Answer 32

Formed by cranial bones and contains brain.

Question 33

Vertebral/Spinal cavity

Answer 33

Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves.

Question 34

Thoracic cavity

Answer 34

Chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum.

Question 35

Pleural cavity

Answer 35

Each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura.

Question 36

Pericardial cavity

Answer 36

Surrounds the heart; the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium.

Question 37

Mediastinum

Answer 37

Anatomic region in the central portion of the thoracic cavity between the medial walls of pleural cavities;

Question 38

Abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 38

Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Question 39

Serous membrane of Abdominal cavity

Answer 39

Peritoneum.

Question 40

Pelvic cavity

Answer 40

Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction.

Question 41

Coronal/frontal plane

Answer 41

Divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

Question 42

Sagittal plane

Answer 42

A vertical plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides.

Question 43

Mid-sagittal plane

Answer 43

A plane that passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides.

Question 44

Transverse plane

Answer 44

Divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.

Question 45

Oblique plane

Answer 45

A plane that passes through the body or an organ at an angle between a transverse plane and a sagittal plane or between a transverse plane and a frontal plane.

Question 46

Organs in the right hypochondriac region

Answer 46

Gallbladder and Part of the Liver

Question 47

Organ in the epigastric region

Answer 47

Stomach

Question 48

Organ in the left hypochondriac region

Answer 48

Spleen

Question 49

Organ in the right lumbar

Answer 49

Ascending colon of the large intestine

Question 50

Organs in the umbilical region

Answer 50

Small intestine and transverse colon of the large intestine.

Question 51

Organs in the left lumbar region

Answer 51

Descending colon of the large intestine

Question 52

Organs in the right iliac region

Answer 52

Appendix and cecum of the large intestine

Question 53

Organ in the hypogastric region

Answer 53

Urinary bladder

Question 54

Organs in the left iliac region

Answer 54

Initial part of sigmoid colon