the human body Flashcards
1
Q
abdomen
A
the body cavity that contains the major organ of digestion and excretion. it is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis
2
Q
acetabulum
A
the depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly
3
Q
ATP
A
the nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy
4
Q
adrenal glands
A
endocrine glands located on top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system
5
Q
adrenergic
A
pertaining to nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrealine; also pertains to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine
6
Q
aerobin metabolism
A
metabolism that can produce only in the presence of oxygen
7
Q
agonal gasps
A
abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest
8
Q
alpha-adrenergic receptors
A
portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels
9
Q
alveoli
A
the air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and CO2 take place
10
Q
anaerobic metabolism
A
the metabolism that takes place in the absence of O2; the main by-product is lactic acid
11
Q
anatomic postion
A
the posotopn of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward
12
Q
aorta
A
the main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body
13
Q
appendicaular skeleton
A
the portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulders girdle.
14
Q
appendix
A
a small, tubular structure that is atached to the lower border of the cecum in he lower right quadrant of the abdomen
15
Q
arterioles
A
the smallest branches of the arteries leading to the vast netowrk of capillaries
16
Q
articular cartilage
A
a pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surface of bones in synovial joints
17
Q
atrium
A
one of the two upper chabers of the heart
18
Q
autonomic nervous system
A
the part of the nervous system that regulate functions such as digestion and sweating that are not controlled voluntarily
19
Q
axial skeleton
A
the part of the skeleton comprising the skull spinal column and rib cage
20
Q
ball and socket joint
A
a joint that allows internal and external rotation as well as bending
21
Q
beta adrenergic receptor
A
portions of the nervous system that when stimulated can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart an increase heart rate and bronchial dilation
22
Q
biceps
A
the large muscle that covers the front of the humerus
23
Q
bile ducts
A
the ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine
24
Q
blood pressure
A
the pressure that the blood exerts against the wals of the arteries as it passes through them
25
brachial artery
the major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm
26
brain
the controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception control of reactions to the environment emotional responses and judgement
27
brain stem
the area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerbrum surrounded by the cerebellum; contols functions that are necessary for life such as respiration
28
capillary vessels
the tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of O2 CO2 nutruents and waste between body tissues and the blood
29
Cardiac muscle
the heart muscle
30
cardiac output
a measure of the vol. of blood circulated by the hear in 1 min, calculated by multiplying the stroke vol. by the heart rate
31
carotid artery
the major attery that supplies blood to the head and brain
32
cartilage
the smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum and portion of the outer ear
33
cecum
the first part of the learge intestine into which the ileum opens
34
Central nervous system
the brain and spinal cord
35
cerebellum
one of the three major subdivisions of the brain sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain particularly fine body movements
36
cerebrospinal fluid
fluid producedin the ventricles if the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges
37
cerebrum
the larges part of the brain made up of several loves that control movement hearing balance speech visual perception emotions and personality
38
cervical spine
the portion of the spinal column consisting of the first 7 vertebrae that lie in the neck
39
chordae tendineae
thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting
40
chyme
the substance that leaves the stomach
41
circulatory system
the complex arragnement of connected tubes including the arteries arterioles capillaries venules and veins that move blood oxygen nutrients CO2 and cell waste
42
clavicle
the collar bone
43
coccyx
the last three bones of the spine; the tail bone
44
coronal plane
an imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts
45
cranium
the area of the head above the ears and eyes; the skull
46
cricoid cartilage
a firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx
47
dead space
any portion of the airway that does contain air and connot participate in gas exhange such as the trachea and bronchi
48
dermis
the inner layer of skin, containing hair follicles seat glans nerve ending and blood vessels
49
diaphragm
a muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax sperating the chest from the abdominal cavity
50
diastole
the relaxation or period of relaxation of the hear especially of the ventricles
51
diffusion
movement of gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
52
digestion
the process of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body
53
dorsalis pedis artery
the artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the firest and sencond metatarsals
54
endocrine system
the complex message and control system that intergates many body functions including the release of hormones
55
enzymes
substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions
56
epidermis
the outer layer of skin which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a water tight protection covering for the body
57
epiglottis
a thin leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering
58
epinephrie
a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that has a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system
59
esophagus
a collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach
60
expiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that can be exhaled following an normal exhalation; avg is about 1200 mL
61
extension
the straightening of a joint
62
fallopian tubes
long slender tubes that extend from the uterus to the region of the ovary on the same side and through which the ovum passes from the ovary to the uterus
63
femoral artery
the major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery
64
femoral head
the proximal end of the femur articulationg with the acetabulum to form the hip joint
65
femur
the tighbone
66
flexion
the bending of a joint
67
formal magnum
a large opening at the base of the skull though which the brain connects to the spinal cord
68
frontal bone
the portion of the cranium that forms the forhead
69
gallbladder
a sac on the sundersurface through the common bile duct
70
genital systme
the reproductive system in men and women
71
germinal layer
the deepest layer of the epidermis where new skin cells are formed
72
great trochanter
a bony prominence in the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint
73
hair follicles
the small organs that produce hair
74
heart
a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood though out the body
75
heart rate
the number of heartbeats during a specific time
76
hinge joint
joint that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate
77
hormones
substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or from up of cells in the same organism
78
humerus
the supporting bone of the upper arm
79
hydrostatic pressure
the pressure of water against the walls of its container
80
hypoxic drive
a "backup system" to control respiration senses drop in the O2 level in the blood
81
ilium
one of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic bone
82
inferior vena cava
vain that carries blood form the lower extremities and the pelvic and the abdominal organs to the heart
83
inspiration reserve volume
the amount of the air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation
84
interstitial space
the space between the cells
85
involuntary muscle
the muscle over which a person has no conscious control
86
ischium
one of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
87
joint (articulation)
the place where two bones come into contact
88
joint capsule
the fibrous sac that encloses a joint
89
kidneys
two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body's salt and water content
90
labored breathing
the use of muscles of the chest back and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest occurs when air movement is impaired
91
lactic acid
a metabolic by-product of breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of O2
92
large intestine
the portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel consisting of the cecum the colon and the rectum. it helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste
93
lesser trochanter
the projection on the medial superior portion of femur
94
ligament
a band of fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones
95
liver
a large solid organ that ls in the RUQ immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile stores glucose for immediate use by the body and produces many substances that help regulate immune response
96
lumbar spine
the lower part of the back formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae
97
lymph
a think straw-colored fluid that carries O2, nutrients, and hormones to the cells and carries waste products to the metabolism away from the cells and back into the capillaries so that they may be excreted
98
lymph nodes
tine oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph
99
mandible
the bone of the lower jaw
100
manubrium
the upper quadrant of the sternum
101
maxillae
the upper jawbone that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate and holds the upper teeth
102
medulla oblongata
nerve tissue that is continuous inferiority with the spinal cord; serves as a conduction pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts; coordinates heart rate blood vessel diameter breathing swallowing vomiting coughing and sneezing
103
metabolism (cellular respiration)
the biochemical process that results in production of energy from nutrients within a cell
104
midbrain
the part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness
105
midsagittal plane (midline)
an imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forhead through the nose and the umbilicus (naval) to the floor, dividing the body into equal left and right sides
106
Minute volume
the volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minuet; calculated by multiplying the tidal volume and respiratory rate; also called the minuet ventilation
107
motor nerves
nerves that carry info from the central nervous system to the muscels if the body
108
mucous membraines
the lining if the body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body
109
mucus
the watery secretion of the mucous membrane that lubricates the body openings
110
musculoskeletal system
the bones and voluntary muscles of the body
111
myocardium
the hear muscels
112
nasopharynx
the part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth or palate
113
nervous system
the system that controls virtually all activities of the body both voluntary and involuntary
114
Norepinephrine
a neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-simulator properties
115
occiput
the most posterior portion of the crainium
116
oncotic pressure
the pressure of water to move typically into the capillary as the result of the presence of plasma proteins
117
orbit
the eyesocket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma
118
oropharynx
a tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
119
ovaries
female glands that produces sex hormones and ova
120
pancreas
a flat solid organ that lies below the lover and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin
121
parasympathetic nervous system
a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system, involved in control of involuntary functions mediated largely the vagus nerve through the vhemical acetylcholine
122
parietal bones
the bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium
123
patekka
the knee cap
124
pathophysiology
the study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease
125
perfusion
the circulation of oxygenated blood within and organ ir tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cell's current needs
126
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
the part f the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves
127
peristalsis
the wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents
128
plasma
a sticky yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excreation
129
platelets
tiny disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding
130
pleura
the serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleura space
131
pons
an organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers including those for sleep, respiration, and the medulla respiration venter
132
posterior tibial artery
the artery just behind the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot
133
prostate gland
a small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluids
134
pubic symphsis
a hard, bony, and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by lavage at a joint with minimal motion
135
pubis
one of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring
136
pulmonary artery
the major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs carries oxygen poor blood
137
pulmonary circulation
the flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all the their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins
138
pulmonary veins
the four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
139
pulse
the wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forms blood out the left ventricle into the major arteries
140
radial artery
the major artery in the forarm
141
Radius
the bone on the thumb side of the forearm
142
rectum
the lowermost end of the colon
143
red blood cells (erythrocytes)
cells that carry O2 to the body tissues
144
renal pelvis
a cone-shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels its through the ureter in to the bladder
145
residual volume
the air that remains in the lungs after maximal exporation
146
respiration
the inhaling and exhaling of air
147
respiratory compromise
the inability of the body to move gas effectively
148
respiratory system
all the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts
149
recticular activating system
located in the upper braine stem; responsible for maintenance of consciousness specifically one's level of arousal
150
retroperitoneal
behind the abdominal cavity
151
sacroiliac joint
the connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column
152
sacrum
one of three bones that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertbrae
153
sagittal (lateral) plane
an imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right part
154
salivary hlands
the glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist
155
scapula
the shoulder blade
156
sebaceous glands
glands that produce an oily substance classed sebum which discharges along the shaft of the hairs
157
semen
fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm
158
seminal vesicles
storage sacs from sperm and seminal fluid which empty into the urethra at the prostate
159
sensory nerves
the nerves that carry sensations to the central nervous system
160
shock (hypoperfusion)
an abnormal state associated with inadequate O2 and nutrients delivery to the cells of the body
161
Shoulder girdle
the proximal portion of the upper extremities made of the clavicle, scapula and the humerus
162
skeletal muscle
muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at lease one joint
163
skeleton
the framwork that gives the body its recognizable form, designed to allow for movement and protection of vital organs
164
small intestine
the portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum consisting of the dudodenum jejunum and ileum
165
smooth muscle
involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic avtivity
166
somatic nervous system
the part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control
167
sphincters
muscles arranged in a circules that are able to decrease the diameter of tubes
168
sphygmomanometer
a device used to measure blood pressure
169
spinal cord
and extension of the brain composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and he rest of the body
170
sternum
the breast bone
171
stratum corneal layer
the outermost layer or dead layer of the skin
172
Stroke volume (SV)
the volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction
173
subcutaneous tissue
tissue largely fat that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body
174
superior vena cava
vaine carries blood from the upper extremities into the heart
175
sweat glands
the glands that secrete sweat; located on the skin
176
symphysis
a type of joint that has grown together to form a very stable connection
177
synovial fluid
the small amount of liquid within a joint used as lube
178
synovial membrane
the lining of a joint that secretes fluid into the joint space
179
systemic circulation
the portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs
180
systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
the resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels
181
Systole
the contraction or period of contraction of the heart, especially that of the ventricles
182
temporal bones
the lateral bones on each side of the vranium
183
tendons
the fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
184
testicle
a male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm
185
thoracic cage
the chest or rib cage
186
thoracic spine
the 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae
187
thorax
the chest cavity that contains the heart lungs esophagus and great vessels
188
thyroid cartilage
a firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the adam's apple
189
tibia
the shinbone
190
tidal volume
the amount of air mved in and out of the lungs in one relaxed breath; about 500 mL
191
topograohic anatomy
the superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them
192
trachea
the windpipe
193
transverse (axial) plane
an imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts
194
triceps
the muscle in the back of the upper arm
195
tunica media
the middle and thickest layer of tissue of blood vessel wall, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle cells that allow the vessel to expand or contract in response to changes in blood pressure and tissue demands
196
ulna
the inner bone of the forearm, on the pinky side
197
ureter
small hollow tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
198
urethra
the canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body
199
urinary bladder
a sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine
200
urinary system
the organs that control the dicharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine
201
vagina
a muscular distensible tube that connects the uterus with the vulva
202
vasa deferentia
the spermatic duct of the testicles; also called vas deferens
203
ventilation
the movement of air betweeen the lungs and environment
204
ventricle
one of two lower chambers of the heart
205
vertebrae
the 33 bones that make up the spinal column
206
voluntary muscle
muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will
207
C/Q ratio
a measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoil where gas exchange occures
208
White blood cells
blood cells that have a role in the body's immune defense against infection; also known as leukocytes
209
xiphoid process
the narrow cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum
210
zygomas
the quadrangular bones of the cheek articulated with the frontal bone, maxillae and zygmatic processes of the temporal bone and the great wings of the sphenoid bone
