the human body Flashcards
Non-specific defence mechanisms
Phagocytes
Macrophages
Inflammatory response
Mucous membrane
The skin
The muscle that is attached to the skeleton
Can be controlled voluntarily (although we do not have to think about all the muscle movements)
It’s contractions allow us to walk and run etc (voluntary acts)
Can exert tremendous power
SKELETAL MUSCLE
2 PHYSICAL BARRIERS TO INFECTION
skin and ciliated epithelia
The immune system is the body’s defense against infectious organisms and other invaders. Through a series of steps called the … , the immune system attacks organisms and substances that invade our systems and cause disease.
immune response
LEUKOCYTES
white blood cells that fight infection
white blood cells that fight infection
LEUKOCYTES
LYMPHOCYES
cells that allow the body to remember and recognize previous invaders and help the body destroy them.
cells that allow the body to remember and recognise previous invaders and help the body destroy them.
LYMPHOCYES
B lymphocytes
seek out targets
and send defenses to lock
onto them.
T lymphocytes
Destroy invading
Foreign substances
ANTIGEN
invading foreign substance. Displays complex proteins on its surface to show if it is a “foreign” cell.
PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONE
The immune response occurring on the first exposure to a foreign material in the body. It takes time for the antibody response.
SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONE
The immune response occurring to a previously
encountered pathogen.
There is a quicker, more powerful antibody response.
Found in the walls of the hollow organs eg. Respiratory passages, intestinal tract and bladder.
Involuntary
Contractions slow and sustained
Contractions of most of these muscles’ forces fluid and other substances through the internal body channels
SMOOTH MUSCLE
ATP is:
A form of chemical energy used for body function
Function of ATP:
Muscle contraction
Active transport
Transmission of nerve impulse
ADAPTIVE (specific) IMMUNITY
second kind of protection called adaptive (or active) immunity. This type of immunity develops throughout our lives.
second kind of protection called adaptive (or active) immunity. This type of immunity develops throughout our lives.
ADAPTIVE (specific) IMMUNITY
Specific defence mechanisms
ADAPTIVE (specific) IMMUNITY
B-CELLS
LONG BONES
FEMUR,TIBIA,FIBULA
SHORT
CARPALS
IRREGULAR
VERTEBRAE
FLAT
STERNUM
SESAMOID BONES
PATELLA
two kinds of lymphocytes
The B lymphocytes and the T lymphocytes (MATURED UNDER THE BREASTBONE IN AN ORGAN CALLED THE THYMUS )
B lymphocytes
B lymphocytes are like the body’s military intelligence system, seeking out their targets and sending defenses to lock onto them.
T lymphocytes
T cells are like the soldiers, destroying the invaders that the intelligence system has identified. Here’s how it works.
muscles work in pairs, when one contracts the other…
relaxes
Muscles that produce movement are known asagonists
agonists
Those that counteract movement are known as
antagonists
ANTAGONISTIC ACTION OF MUSCLES
MUSCLES WORKING IN OPPOSITION TO EACH OTHER
FUNCTION OF ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLES
CONTROL MOVEMENT AT THE JOINT
CONTROL POSTURE AND BALANCE
PREVENT INJURY
SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
GUARDS, ENTRANCES AND EXITS
Openings of digestive and urinary tracts are encircled by skeletal muscle (sphincters). Provides voluntary control over defecation and urination.
MOTION
Involves all body movement and includes walking, running and grasping
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
CHANGES IN BLOOD FLOW BLOOD VESSELS DILATE
Signs INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
heat, swelling, redness, pain
Makes up most of the heart wall
Involuntary – we have no conscious control over how our heart beats
Cardiac muscles never rest – to do so would be fatal
Contractions of cardiac muscle move blood through the heart and around the body
CARDIAC muscle
The respiratory tract
Lined with ciliated epithelium – tiny hairs that capture dirty mucus to be swallowed.
Lined with goblet cells – produce sticky mucus which traps particles from the passing air.
movement of bicep THE … OF A MUSCLE IS (USUALLY) ITS PROXIMAL ATTACHMENT; THIS IS GENERALLY THE BONE THAT REMAINS STILL WHEN THE MUSCLE CONTRACTS, GIVING IT AN ANCHOR TO PULL AGAINST.
ORIGIN
THE … IS (USUALLY) THE DISTAL ATTACHMENT SITE, GENERALLY ON THE BONE THAT IS MOVED WHEN THE MUSCLE CONTRACTS.
Muscles are attached to bones via …
INSERTION
TENDONS
2 unique properties of T and B lymphocytes
that they are specific to antigen and have memory
The bicep muscle – … is the tendon attached to … and … is the tendon attached to the …
origin
SCAPULA
insertion
RADIUS
NON SPECIFIC
Your immune system can be activated quickly. It is always your first line of defense during an infection, but it can’t always eliminate the germ.
SPECIFIC
When this happens, your body initiates a focused attack against the specific pathogen that is causing the infection. This attack may lead to long-term protection against that pathogen.
This type of immunity is called SPECIFIC IMMUNITY, the customised second line of defence.
