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Anaphy > The Human Body > Flashcards

The Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

A

anatomy

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2
Q

Observation is used to see sizes and relationships of parts

A

anatomy

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3
Q

Large structures

A

gross anatomy

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4
Q

Easily observable

A

gross anatomy

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5
Q

breaks down food into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for nutrient distribution to body cells; indigestible food stuffs are eliminated as feces

A

digestive system

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6
Q

Structures are too small to be seen with the naked eye

A

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

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7
Q

Cells and tissues can be viewed only with a microscope

A

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

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8
Q

Structure determines what functions can occur

A

PHYSIOLOGY

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9
Q

Study of how the body and its parts work or function

A

PHYSIOLOGY

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10
Q

For example, the air sacs of the lungs have very thin walls, a feature that enables them to exchange gases and provide oxygen to the body

A

PHYSIOLOGY

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11
Q

Six levels of structural organization

A
  1. Atoms
  2. Cells
  3. Tissues
  4. Organs
  5. Organ systems
  6. Organisms
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12
Q

Forms the external body covering (skin) and includes hair and fingernails

A

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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13
Q

o Waterproofs the body

A

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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14
Q

o Cushions and protects deeper tissue from injury

A

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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15
Q

o Produces vitamin D with the help of sunlight

A

 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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16
Q

o Excretes salts in perspiration

A

 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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17
Q

Helps regulate body temperature

A

 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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18
Q

o Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

A

integumentary system

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19
Q

o Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints

A

 SKELETAL SYSTEM

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20
Q

o Provides muscle attachment for movement

A

 SKELETAL SYSTEM

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21
Q

o Protects vital organs

A

 SKELETAL SYSTEM

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22
Q

o Stores minerals

A

 SKELETAL SYSTEM

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23
Q

o Site of blood cell formation

A

 SKELETAL SYSTEM

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24
Q

o Skeletal muscles contract (or shorten)

A

 MUSCULAR SYSTEM

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25
Q

o Produces movement of bones

A

 MUSCULAR SYSTEM

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26
Q

fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

A

nervous system

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27
Q

glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells

A

endocrine system

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28
Q

blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, wastes, etc.; the heart pumps blood

A

cardiovascular system

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29
Q

picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity

A

lymphatic system

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30
Q

keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

A

respiratory system

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31
Q

eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

A

urinary system

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32
Q

o For males, includes the testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and duct system
 Testes produce sperm
 Duct system carries sperm to exterior

A

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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33
Q

maintaining life: necessary life functions

A

maintaining boundaries
movement
responsiveness (irritability)
digestion

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34
Q

necessary life functions

A

metabolism
excretion
reproduction
growth

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35
Q

o Boundaries separate the “inside” from the “outside”

A

maintaining boundaries

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36
Q

o Locomotion
o Movement of substances

A

movement

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36
Q

o Ability to sense changes and react

A

responsiveness (irritability)

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37
Q
  • chemical reactions within the body
A

metabolism

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38
Q

o For females, includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
 Ovaries produce eggs
 Uterus provides site of development for fetus

A

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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39
Q

Breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones

A

metabolism

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40
Q

Builds larger molecules from smaller ones

A

metabolism

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41
Q

Produces energy (ATP)

A

metabolism

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42
Q

o Hormones play a major role

A

 Growth

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43
Q

Produces energy (ATP)

A

metabolism

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44
Q

o Eliminates excreta (waste) from metabolic reactions

A

 Excretion

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45
Q

o Wastes may be removed in urine, feces, or sweat

A

 Excretion

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46
Q

o Increases cell size or body size (through increasing the number of cells)

A

 Growth

47
Q

o Include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

48
Q

o Occurs on cellular level or organismal level

A

 Reproduction

49
Q

survival needs

A

nutrients
oxygen
water
normal temperature
atmospheric pressure

50
Q

o Chemicals used for energy and cell building

51
Q

o Include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

52
Q

o 60 to 80 percent of body weight

53
Q

o Required for chemical reaction

A

 Oxygen

55
Q

o Made available by the cooperation of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems

A

 Oxygen

56
Q

o Most abundant chemical in the human body

57
Q

o 37ºC (98.6ºF)

A

normal body temperature

58
Q

o Most abundant chemical in the human body

59
Q

o Below this temperature, chemical reactions slow and stop

A

normal body temperature

60
Q

o Below this temperature, chemical reactions slow and stop

A

normal body temperature

61
Q

 Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding

A

the language of anatomy

62
Q

o Standard body position used to avoid confusion

A

 Anatomical position

63
Q

 Exact terms are used for:
o Position
o Direction
o Regions
o Structures

A

the language of anatomy

64
Q

o Terminology refers to this position regardless of actual body position

A

 Anatomical position

65
Q

o Standard body position used to avoid confusion

A

anatomical position

66
Q

o Stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body

A

 Anatomical position

67
Q

 Explain the location of one body structure in relation to another

A

directional terms

68
Q

away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

A

inferior (caudal)

69
Q

toward or at the backside of the body; behind

A

 Posterior (dorsal)

70
Q

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

A

intermediate

71
Q

close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk

A

 Proximal

72
Q

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

A

 Distal

73
Q

away from the body surface; more internal

A

 Deep (internal)

74
Q

Sections are cuts along imaginary lines known as __________

75
Q

________ are cuts along imaginary lines known as planes

76
Q

Three types of planes or sections exist as right angles to one another

A

transverse plane
median, midsagittal section
frontal or coronal section

77
Q

divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts

A

sagittal section

78
Q

divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts

A

A median or midsagittal section

79
Q

divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts

A

frontal or coronal section

79
Q

two internal body cavities

A

dorsal and ventral

80
Q

provide varying degrees of protection to organs within them

A

body cavities

81
Q

Dorsal body cavity has two subdivisions

A

cranial and spinal cavity

82
Q

o Houses the brain
o Protected by the skull

A

cranial cavity

83
Q

Houses the spinal cord
Protected by the vertebrae

A

spinal cavity

84
Q

Ventral body cavity has two subdivisions separated by the diaphragm

A
  1. Thoracic cavity
  2. Abdominopelvic cavity
85
Q

Cavity superior to the diaphragm

A

Thoracic cavity

86
Q

Houses heart, lungs, and other organs

A

Thoracic cavity

87
Q

Mediastinum, the central region, houses heart, trachea, and other organs

A

Thoracic cavity

88
Q

Protected by the rib cage

A

Thoracic cavity

89
Q

Cavity inferior to the diaphragm

A

Abdominopelvic cavity

90
Q

Superior abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver, and other organs
 Protected only by trunk muscles

A

Abdominopelvic cavity

91
Q

No physical structure separates abdominal from pelvic cavities

A

Abdominopelvic cavity

92
Q

Inferior pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum
 Protected somewhat by bony pelvis

A

Abdominopelvic cavity

93
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions

A

four quadrants
nine regions

94
Q

Other body cavities include:

A

o Oral and digestive cavities
o Nasal cavity
o Orbital cavities
o Middle ear cavities

95
Q

maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions

A

homeostasis

96
Q

A dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance

A

homeostasis

97
Q

Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life

A

homeostasis

98
Q

Main controlling systems

A

nervous and endocrine system

99
Q

A disturbance in homeostasis results in disease

A

homeostatic imbalance

100
Q

All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three components:

A

receptor,
control center,
and effector

101
Q

Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

102
Q

Sends information to control center along an afferent pathway

102
Q

Determines set point

A

control center

103
Q

Analyzes information

A

control center

104
Q

Determines appropriate response

A

control center

105
Q

Provides a means for response to the stimulus

105
Q

Information flows from control center to effector along efferent pathway

106
Q

Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms

A

negative feedback

107
Q

Works like a household thermostat

A

negative feedback

107
Q

Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity

A

negative feedback

108
Q

Rare in the human body

109
Q

In the body, positive feedback occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby

A

positive feedback

110
Q

Reaction occurs at a faster rate

A

positive feedback

111
Q

Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther

A

positive feedback

Anaphy (5 decks)

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