The History of Microbiology

Question 1

Is the study of all living organisms
that are too small to be visible with
the naked eye.

Answer 1

Microbiology

Question 2

What are the roles (5) of microorganisms?

Answer 2

Recycling nutrition, Photosynthesizes, Many food and beverages, Medicines, Hormones

Question 3

Observed “little boxes” or
cells.

Answer 3

Robert Hooke

Question 4

Father of Microbiology & Bacteriology

Answer 4

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 5

Worked with animalcules found in his teeth

Answer 5

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 6

First person to observe and describe microorganisms accurately.

Answer 6

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek

Question 7

States that life arose from nonliving matter.

Answer 7

The Theory of Spontaneous Generation

Question 8

Proposed the Theory of Spontaneous Generation

Answer 8

Aristotle

Question 9

Disproved spontaneous generation for large insects by showing that maggots on decaying meat came from fly eggs.

Answer 9

Francesco Redi

Question 10

An English clergyman who wondered if spontaneous generation would worked with microorganisms.

Answer 10

John Needham

Question 11

Knew that boiling killed the organisms.

Answer 11

John Needham

Question 12

The stoppers in his experiment were too loose which caused air to get inside.

Answer 12

John Needham

Question 13

“Proved” that the microbes came from the non-living broth.

Answer 13

John Needham

Question 14

Disagreed with John Needham and said that his jars were loosely sealed.

Answer 14

Lazarro Spallanzani

Question 15

He said that microbes could have come from the air.

Answer 15

Lazarro Spallanzani

Question 16

In his experiment, there were NO growth in ANY flasks in the end.

Answer 16

Lazarro Spallanzani

Question 17

He hypothesized that more boiling should lead to less life and left some jars as Needham had to ensure “active principle” was not damaged.

Answer 17

Lazarro Spallanzani

Question 18

A mysterious life force that allowed spontaneous generation to occur.

Answer 18

Active Principle

Question 19

He challenged the spontaneous generation theory.

Answer 19

Rudolf Virchow

Question 20

DEVELOPED the Theory of Biogenesis.

Answer 20

Rudolf Virchow

Question 21

The theory that life can only come from life, and it refers to any process by which a lifeform can give rise to other lifeforms

Answer 21

Theory of Biogenesis.

Question 22

A French chemist who entered a contest sponsored by French Academy of Sciences to either prove or disprove Spontaneous Generation.

Answer 22

Louis Pasteur

Question 23

Father of Medical Microbiology

Answer 23

Louis Pasteur

Question 24

Used swan-necked flask

Answer 24

Louis Pasteur

Question 25

He boiled infusion

Answer 25

Louis Pasteur

Question 25

Prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms which are now the standard practice in laboratory and many medical procedures.

Answer 25

Aseptic Techniques

Question 26

What were the years considered to be the Golden Age of Microbiology?

Answer 26

1860 to 1900

Question 27

Discovered the relationship between microbes and disease & immunity and antimicrobial medicine.

Answer 27

Louis Pasteur

Question 28

His discovery of pasteurization lead him to INTRODUCE the “germ theory of disease”.

Answer 28

Louis Pasteur

Question 29

Process where it kills bacteria in the alcohol by heat, thus preventing the formation of acetic acid (vinegar).

Answer 29

Pasteurization

Question 30

Diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body.

Answer 30

Germ Theory of Disease

Question 31

Discovered that microbes are responsible for fermentation.

Answer 31

Louis Pasteur

Question 32

Defined as a chemical change brought about using microorganisms.

Answer 32

Fermentation

Question 33

He also discovered that weak forms of a disease could be used as an immunization against stronger forms.

Answer 33

Louis Pasteur

Question 34

Developed vaccines for Anthrax (1881) and Rabies (1885)

Answer 34

Louis Pasteur

Question 35

PROVED the germ theory of disease

Answer 35

Robert Koch

Question 36

He developed an elaborate technique to isolate and identify specific pathogens that cause specific diseases.

Answer 36

Robert Koch

Question 37

Developed pure culture methods.

Answer 37

Robert Koch

Question 38

Identified the causes of anthrax (bacillus anthrax), TB (mycobacterium tuberculosis), and cholera (vibrio cholera).

Answer 38

Robert Koch

Question 39

Showed silkworm diseases were caused by a fungus.

Answer 39

Agostino Bassi

Question 40

Believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan.

Answer 40

Louis Pasteur

Question 41

Advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of fever from one OB patient to another.

Answer 41

Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 42

Father of Antiseptic Surgery

Answer 42

Joseph Lister

Question 43

Used chemical disinfectant (carbolic acid) to prevent surgical wound infections after reading Pasteur’s work.

Answer 43

Joseph Lister

Question 44

A precursor of smallpox vaccination.

Answer 44

Variolation

Question 45

Inoculation of healthy individuals with weakened forms of microorganisms to provide protection or active immunity from disease

Answer 45

Vaccination

Question 46

Discovered that cowpox (vaccinia) induced protection against human smallpox and called the procedure vaccination.

Answer 46

Edward Jenner

Question 47

They developed attenuated anthrax vaccine (chemical and heat treatment – potassium bichromate) and attenuated rabies vaccine.

Answer 47

Pasteur & Chamberland

Question 48

Discovered bacteria-engulfing, phagocytic cells in the blood.

Answer 48

Elie Metchnikoff

Question 49

Found evidence for cellular immunity.

Answer 49

Elie Metchnikoff

Question 50

Father of Epidemiology

Answer 50

John Snow

Question 51

He’s a physician in London that studies cholera in a systematic way.

Answer 51

John Snow

Question 52

A German botanist who discovered “heat-resistant forms of bacteria” which are now called Endospores.

Answer 52

Ferdinand Cohn

Question 53

He discovered that there were two types of bacteria in 1876

Answer 53

John Tyndall

Question 54

What are the 2 types of bacteria discovered by John Tyndall?

Answer 54

Heat resistant and Heat sensitive

Question 55

He demonstrated the alternate process of heating and cooling if repeated five times, it can kill all the endospores. Known as the sterilization process or tyndallization.

Answer 55

John Tyndall

Question 56

He proposed a theory of immunity wherein antibodies were responsible for immunity (antitoxin).

Answer 56

Paul Ehrlich

Question 57

Father of Modern Chemotherapy

Answer 57

Paul Ehrlich

Question 58

Speculated about the “magic bullet” that would selectively find and destroy pathogens but wouldn’t harm the host.

Answer 58

Paul Ehrlich

Question 59

Developed a staining procedure to identify tubercle bacilli.

Answer 59

Paul Ehrlich

Question 60

He observed that the growth of bacterium staphylococcus aureus was inhibited un the areas surrounding the colony of a mold that had contaminated a Petri plate.

Answer 60

Alexander Fleming

Question 61

He discovered penicillin

Answer 61

Alexander Fleming

Question 62

Used agar (extracted from seaweeds red algae) as a solidifying agent to harden media.

Answer 62

Walter Hesse

Question 63

Used agar dish to provide a large area to grow

Answer 63

Rechard Petri

Question 64

Developed a staining method that demonstrates bacteria and distinguish between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.

Answer 64

Christian Gram

Question 65

Discovered the first electron microscope.

Answer 65

Ernst Ruska

Question 66

They determined the structure of DNA

Answer 66

Watson and Crick

Question 67

Studied the relationship between genes and enzymes using the bread mold, neurospora.

Answer 67

George W. Beadle & Edward L. Tatum

Question 68

Demonstrated spontaneous gene mutations in bacteria

Answer 68

Salvadore Luria & Max Delbruck